{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3","short_pith_number":"pith:MZFKXKT3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"774545e2b49a0d26ac9750008f7a1b1c8e37f16238b5a97e2a0f56df7aa59345","abstract_canon_sha256":"56eda452e03211820a329553bb98b0480e5bf668ea6e7f14c58612565ec4ef16"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"664aabaa7b1c8fddfff8934bba3e2486caa900b92942dc7ed5ed8703b34d4cfc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2307.04668","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.04668","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.04668v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.04668","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3DSH5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3DSH5377Y","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"774545e2b49a0d26ac9750008f7a1b1c8e37f16238b5a97e2a0f56df7aa59345","abstract_canon_sha256":"56eda452e03211820a329553bb98b0480e5bf668ea6e7f14c58612565ec4ef16"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"664aabaa7b1c8fddfff8934bba3e2486caa900b92942dc7ed5ed8703b34d4cfc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.304066Z","signature_b64":"cOv6yjIt2P4o8Qk4m93X9CdpvcpMmZMFOMUCjC47g7jdGCTqy/nj4cjSB12HVVLf64Fi7cdU6LxxH2tFgwifAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"664aabaa7b1c8fddfff8934bba3e2486caa900b92942dc7ed5ed8703b34d4cfc","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.303657Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.303657Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2307.04668","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8Hyi7sdMSk+pl7W0EsjIuJhK7UHdZUk3DdNn2bPlDA2a9vcoM5Y3ApxDTIPKQsTc69ujydnCatkBo52DlA/AAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T03:54:56.996085Z"},"content_sha256":"3f04482bdc2035cc35bc17912ce346347d4debfbfcb0cbd450d931b77d75a3eb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3f04482bdc2035cc35bc17912ce346347d4debfbfcb0cbd450d931b77d75a3eb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Quantifying the Echo Chamber Effect: An Embedding Distance-based Approach","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Faisal Alatawi, Huan Liu, Paras Sheth","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"The rise of social media platforms has facilitated the formation of echo chambers, which are online spaces where users predominantly encounter viewpoints that reinforce their existing beliefs while excluding dissenting perspectives. This phenomenon significantly hinders information dissemination across communities and fuels societal polarization. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods for quantifying echo chambers. In this paper, we present the Echo Chamber Score (ECS), a novel metric that assesses the cohesion and separation of user communities by measuring distances between users in the"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2307.04668/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cCQuMDQor3edWZcbYcy/8ZMAQxH34Qn35N567ZHPOMa83m7MC3xS+6THA+zKpF6qL55s9PYwiL+mbwvwVqCBAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T03:54:56.996471Z"},"content_sha256":"1a9430dccbfe8bf119757170d716b54f00cf8eb78795af28787b435a25e8c038","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1a9430dccbfe8bf119757170d716b54f00cf8eb78795af28787b435a25e8c038"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-26T03:54:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:MZFKXKT3DSH5377YSNF3UPREQ3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"56eda452e03211820a329553bb98b0480e5bf668ea6e7f14c58612565ec4ef16","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"774545e2b49a0d26ac9750008f7a1b1c8e37f16238b5a97e2a0f56df7aa59345"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.04668","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.04668v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.04668","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3DSH5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3DSH5377Y","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MZFKXKT3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1a9430dccbfe8bf119757170d716b54f00cf8eb78795af28787b435a25e8c038","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2307.04668/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The rise of social media platforms has facilitated the formation of echo chambers, which are online spaces where users predominantly encounter viewpoints that reinforce their existing beliefs while excluding dissenting perspectives. This phenomenon significantly hinders information dissemination across communities and fuels societal polarization. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods for quantifying echo chambers. In this paper, we present the Echo Chamber Score (ECS), a novel metric that assesses the cohesion and separation of user communities by measuring distances between users in the","authors_text":"Faisal Alatawi, Huan Liu, Paras Sheth","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","title":"Quantifying the Echo Chamber Effect: An Embedding Distance-based Approach"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3f04482bdc2035cc35bc17912ce346347d4debfbfcb0cbd450d931b77d75a3eb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"56eda452e03211820a329553bb98b0480e5bf668ea6e7f14c58612565ec4ef16","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2023-07-10T16:11:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"774545e2b49a0d26ac9750008f7a1b1c8e37f16238b5a97e2a0f56df7aa59345"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.04668","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"664aabaa7b1c8fddfff8934bba3e2486caa900b92942dc7ed5ed8703b34d4cfc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"664aabaa7b1c8fddfff8934bba3e2486caa900b92942dc7ed5ed8703b34d4cfc","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.303657Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.303657Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cOv6yjIt2P4o8Qk4m93X9CdpvcpMmZMFOMUCjC47g7jdGCTqy/nj4cjSB12HVVLf64Fi7cdU6LxxH2tFgwifAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:32:54.304066Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2307.04668","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3f04482bdc2035cc35bc17912ce346347d4debfbfcb0cbd450d931b77d75a3eb","sha256:1a9430dccbfe8bf119757170d716b54f00cf8eb78795af28787b435a25e8c038"],"state_sha256":"b8b6538abff35984eb4afd34783ddedadc110b26b20e68f94cd8ae3bd1bb6fb7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xq9q6udgDBr9mec/Rw7aX2tKAUDxjA6JAs6jLaQta3zWqiHeCpK1XrvSFd7efoo2jHpe3nerBQsKDDvJX8D4Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T03:54:56.998921Z","bundle_sha256":"1c6909756fb5a317344e1a463f840e5dcabac2fd212faa0a17c8ba9150fdcde7"}}