{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS","short_pith_number":"pith:N5VX4W4X","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"853d250e997b89fff7044d045baa7f93d63c374f17483658b015cbd4c2c157e0","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae64dfe00ff587adca501b7d69f0e6dc5c2a36d29d89ed5830eb98b672b90af8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6f6b7e5b97ff9217cfd2a687fedff92c84bc2e5ca8244ef4fc27a1d39983bd15","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1605.07391","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.07391","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.07391v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.07391","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X76JB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X76JBPT6S","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"853d250e997b89fff7044d045baa7f93d63c374f17483658b015cbd4c2c157e0","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae64dfe00ff587adca501b7d69f0e6dc5c2a36d29d89ed5830eb98b672b90af8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6f6b7e5b97ff9217cfd2a687fedff92c84bc2e5ca8244ef4fc27a1d39983bd15","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.850044Z","signature_b64":"6L4iWUqdut/TESB6LqvAXXTOB0f5WHs9TlGCfdJVHdjECcHYAEfP+VNPQw6L+NIVvWTe9yNnHLmyH3G2wJpEDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6f6b7e5b97ff9217cfd2a687fedff92c84bc2e5ca8244ef4fc27a1d39983bd15","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.849471Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.849471Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1605.07391","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hPCfz8MCGl0+b2p429WlPiblnaEjtiCiZMfZtttMRwmPPb9c1G9S9uUKFLPJhUvRcliH5RO8DcBO+GZqdSWDBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:47:53.322528Z"},"content_sha256":"0e6d6873abfe947858a79ff3a754da75c18a28e5f51d6f572304f343960d9012","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0e6d6873abfe947858a79ff3a754da75c18a28e5f51d6f572304f343960d9012"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Formation of supermassive black hole seeds","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Andrea Ferrara, Muhammad A. Latif","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"The detection of quasars at $z>6$ unveils the presence of supermassive black holes (BHs) of a few billion solar masses. The rapid formation process of these extreme objects remains a fascinating and open issue. Such discovery implies that seed black holes must have formed early on, and grown via either rapid accretion or BH/galaxy mergers. In this theoretical review, we discuss in detail various BH seed formation mechanisms and the physical processes at play during their assembly. We discuss the three most popular BH formation scenarios, involving the (i) core-collapse of massive stars, (ii) d"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TJtRZim4a8sAudFQfawDJ+x6sFZ9KtGYl+5gxRD53XKHobpQfl1YPsN/T2kukGgqefWMMW7o116yXeePaAxOBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:47:53.323107Z"},"content_sha256":"2fe7dfba514ba2dd51475aa735401026edb3e79999583904d54463f8092fca7e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2fe7dfba514ba2dd51475aa735401026edb3e79999583904d54463f8092fca7e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-04T22:47:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:N5VX4W4X76JBPT6SU2D75X7ZFS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae64dfe00ff587adca501b7d69f0e6dc5c2a36d29d89ed5830eb98b672b90af8","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"853d250e997b89fff7044d045baa7f93d63c374f17483658b015cbd4c2c157e0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.07391","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.07391v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.07391","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X76JB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X76JBPT6S","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"N5VX4W4X","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2fe7dfba514ba2dd51475aa735401026edb3e79999583904d54463f8092fca7e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The detection of quasars at $z>6$ unveils the presence of supermassive black holes (BHs) of a few billion solar masses. The rapid formation process of these extreme objects remains a fascinating and open issue. Such discovery implies that seed black holes must have formed early on, and grown via either rapid accretion or BH/galaxy mergers. In this theoretical review, we discuss in detail various BH seed formation mechanisms and the physical processes at play during their assembly. We discuss the three most popular BH formation scenarios, involving the (i) core-collapse of massive stars, (ii) d","authors_text":"Andrea Ferrara, Muhammad A. Latif","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","title":"Formation of supermassive black hole seeds"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0e6d6873abfe947858a79ff3a754da75c18a28e5f51d6f572304f343960d9012","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae64dfe00ff587adca501b7d69f0e6dc5c2a36d29d89ed5830eb98b672b90af8","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2016-05-24T11:51:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"853d250e997b89fff7044d045baa7f93d63c374f17483658b015cbd4c2c157e0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.07391","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"6f6b7e5b97ff9217cfd2a687fedff92c84bc2e5ca8244ef4fc27a1d39983bd15","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6f6b7e5b97ff9217cfd2a687fedff92c84bc2e5ca8244ef4fc27a1d39983bd15","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.849471Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.849471Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"6L4iWUqdut/TESB6LqvAXXTOB0f5WHs9TlGCfdJVHdjECcHYAEfP+VNPQw6L+NIVvWTe9yNnHLmyH3G2wJpEDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:23.850044Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1605.07391","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0e6d6873abfe947858a79ff3a754da75c18a28e5f51d6f572304f343960d9012","sha256:2fe7dfba514ba2dd51475aa735401026edb3e79999583904d54463f8092fca7e"],"state_sha256":"aef91bd3edd74f01c53b06f26ea81abbc93af69f3ec75ce7f9f383047c418a3a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ezAUrVRn9LIeairjHrh9835ezGBvt+9Ld/8rPuVZ8xq4BHyN6cNkBQpbiD1MY0Le3/o21H09Ur2yeIG19mIuBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:47:53.326671Z","bundle_sha256":"5f848fdc432c0c1c3a3f7753fe10244b71446e64389aebd5fbf3041ee67f1b08"}}