{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG","short_pith_number":"pith:NAHADR2B","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fd5b468f740091486c2d5be1458154f54178c85e342175c059c22e36a6b71814","abstract_canon_sha256":"8caa5289d0b2d66703bd3cdfd3b3f837148b9e2db8e98ee69feb1c156ebe011c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"680e01c7412c8d9e7000913bbcc32f01acdab7e8eadb4c384f6e30e09cb07ff6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1912.12121","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.12121","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.12121v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.12121","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NAHADR2BFSGZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NAHADR2BFSGZ44AA","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NAHADR2B","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fd5b468f740091486c2d5be1458154f54178c85e342175c059c22e36a6b71814","abstract_canon_sha256":"8caa5289d0b2d66703bd3cdfd3b3f837148b9e2db8e98ee69feb1c156ebe011c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"680e01c7412c8d9e7000913bbcc32f01acdab7e8eadb4c384f6e30e09cb07ff6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279995Z","signature_b64":"XD9RnJKgS/5ChG6W4e/MSRE3lKeysMeA4sof8dLFM2HUxeXRW5WpOwhvewwrM8/esAx5BiGyW6+VT52EV1eJDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"680e01c7412c8d9e7000913bbcc32f01acdab7e8eadb4c384f6e30e09cb07ff6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279583Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279583Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1912.12121","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dpqX4bmfcEezY+CV/IoV9ZbhI3WK6CX9q5MBYVrArR1ZVG/5JbmiVCUjq55y4RTEdT8b8WIynpjGVsYUeKLUDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:07:40.559560Z"},"content_sha256":"9e65b492f1b8f196c3ded642c9c720805a3ac471524d0e3b8296410f8cc1ff0b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9e65b492f1b8f196c3ded642c9c720805a3ac471524d0e3b8296410f8cc1ff0b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Approximating Human Judgment of Generated Image Quality","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Mitchell Gordon, Sharon Zhou, Shengjia Zhao, Stefano Ermon, Y. Alex Kolchinski","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Generative models have made immense progress in recent years, particularly in their ability to generate high quality images. However, that quality has been difficult to evaluate rigorously, with evaluation dominated by heuristic approaches that do not correlate well with human judgment, such as the Inception Score and Fr\\'echet Inception Distance. Real human labels have also been used in evaluation, but are inefficient and expensive to collect for each image. Here, we present a novel method to automatically evaluate images based on their quality as perceived by humans. By not only generating i"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1912.12121/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2KPYcrVPKt1Yi0G29nV8audBEDTMl/Ze696QaKxowhwNd4g2n3QflA3ie/XojQKyP/ULNm7wT2gKrL5Y2yYaBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:07:40.560156Z"},"content_sha256":"8bbe0c1ba1a2aa9734b3e6b6ab56da9b4d0aeeec363dcae83f4f98669f913a5b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8bbe0c1ba1a2aa9734b3e6b6ab56da9b4d0aeeec363dcae83f4f98669f913a5b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T16:07:40Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NAHADR2BFSGZ44AASE53ZQZPAG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8caa5289d0b2d66703bd3cdfd3b3f837148b9e2db8e98ee69feb1c156ebe011c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd5b468f740091486c2d5be1458154f54178c85e342175c059c22e36a6b71814"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.12121","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.12121v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.12121","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NAHADR2BFSGZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NAHADR2BFSGZ44AA","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NAHADR2B","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8bbe0c1ba1a2aa9734b3e6b6ab56da9b4d0aeeec363dcae83f4f98669f913a5b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1912.12121/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Generative models have made immense progress in recent years, particularly in their ability to generate high quality images. However, that quality has been difficult to evaluate rigorously, with evaluation dominated by heuristic approaches that do not correlate well with human judgment, such as the Inception Score and Fr\\'echet Inception Distance. Real human labels have also been used in evaluation, but are inefficient and expensive to collect for each image. Here, we present a novel method to automatically evaluate images based on their quality as perceived by humans. By not only generating i","authors_text":"Mitchell Gordon, Sharon Zhou, Shengjia Zhao, Stefano Ermon, Y. Alex Kolchinski","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","title":"Approximating Human Judgment of Generated Image Quality"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9e65b492f1b8f196c3ded642c9c720805a3ac471524d0e3b8296410f8cc1ff0b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8caa5289d0b2d66703bd3cdfd3b3f837148b9e2db8e98ee69feb1c156ebe011c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-11-30T19:51:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd5b468f740091486c2d5be1458154f54178c85e342175c059c22e36a6b71814"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.12121","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"680e01c7412c8d9e7000913bbcc32f01acdab7e8eadb4c384f6e30e09cb07ff6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"680e01c7412c8d9e7000913bbcc32f01acdab7e8eadb4c384f6e30e09cb07ff6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279583Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279583Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"XD9RnJKgS/5ChG6W4e/MSRE3lKeysMeA4sof8dLFM2HUxeXRW5WpOwhvewwrM8/esAx5BiGyW6+VT52EV1eJDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:28:40.279995Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1912.12121","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9e65b492f1b8f196c3ded642c9c720805a3ac471524d0e3b8296410f8cc1ff0b","sha256:8bbe0c1ba1a2aa9734b3e6b6ab56da9b4d0aeeec363dcae83f4f98669f913a5b"],"state_sha256":"42c5d2214ffb7edea9ecac00efa969c59e3b64c59ba59b6712c2d71168fcc1d4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HYTJhNS3+AxxQ1dZrEEIbF6PY/s+LahJqPuLbSlLzpinjyWZgK4lCX33TWfD+xMGaQ8m6uqKkOGANZjavGq/DQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:07:40.565396Z","bundle_sha256":"a42f457f0ad4984530c5ff80a3c84ec7d284c3eb48f5aa4f7a8cd2f4ff157ec6"}}