{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D","short_pith_number":"pith:NENSH3AH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"title_canon_sha256":"c6fb564b07f957ab6efcf9803e86bc17e386aa2e5a141c1e9fd7679f71e0477d","abstract_canon_sha256":"99f56d5699dd89330d5069892f68852bf9961757c92d88d93479e1f10d72f805"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"691b23ec0738f36e104d4b52bb7602d8ef3ddcd24e2a4c347f51d117f31f2040","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2406.09874","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.09874","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.09874v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.09874","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NENSH3AHHDZW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NENSH3AHHDZW4ECN","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NENSH3AH","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"title_canon_sha256":"c6fb564b07f957ab6efcf9803e86bc17e386aa2e5a141c1e9fd7679f71e0477d","abstract_canon_sha256":"99f56d5699dd89330d5069892f68852bf9961757c92d88d93479e1f10d72f805"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"691b23ec0738f36e104d4b52bb7602d8ef3ddcd24e2a4c347f51d117f31f2040","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564813Z","signature_b64":"2bImv2N87Da7kHb/SmuxOdgfAlI9rExlRt6mlc4lf0VnrDQFkhCusknNSN3vq6C8lBMaQv8z0GR0RGiX2t9QDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"691b23ec0738f36e104d4b52bb7602d8ef3ddcd24e2a4c347f51d117f31f2040","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564325Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564325Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2406.09874","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bItIP6wk7qND/QF+AeNNxGromIMu+XH70XAS0NqnxeWun18LFWijpjAb2nuGTnMa0vxxD9PkeZ2HEjJ+s7L6DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T23:27:39.719269Z"},"content_sha256":"2781564b582fd787b575b54e3102c981758f7f32d89932d784de04cfbb8f4332","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2781564b582fd787b575b54e3102c981758f7f32d89932d784de04cfbb8f4332"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Vertically Graded Fe-Ni Alloys with Low Damping and a Sizeable Spin-Orbit Torque","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","authors_text":"Alexander J. Grutter, Andrew J. Caruana, Bhuwan Nepal, Christy J. Kinane, David A. Smith, F. Marc Michel, Jing Zhao, Julia L. Jones, Prabandha Nakarmi, Purnima P. Balakrishnan, Rachel E. Maizel, Satoru Emori, Shuang Wu, Tim Mewes, Wyatt C. Thomas, Youngmin Lim","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"Energy-efficient spintronic devices require a large spin-orbit torque (SOT) and low damping to excite magnetic precession. In conventional devices with heavy-metal/ferromagnet bilayers, reducing the ferromagnet thickness to $\\sim$1 nm enhances the SOT but dramatically increases damping. Here, we investigate an alternative approach based on a 10 nm thick single-layer ferromagnet to attain both low damping and a sizable SOT. Instead of relying on a single interface, we continuously break the bulk inversion symmetry with a vertical compositional gradient of two ferromagnetic elements: Fe with low"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2406.09874/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ReqH2uJ7fzD9itOcj6iwgw1kB4auex3K+z9nwVGBT/v+qrUuCztuYhPnQmF2DRIwrFSXmN8ZHMcuYDF19sikDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T23:27:39.719710Z"},"content_sha256":"3bcfac18c65956138a30c762d4d5c4b70e7ead18ceae67b369b33ee230635c95","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3bcfac18c65956138a30c762d4d5c4b70e7ead18ceae67b369b33ee230635c95"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T23:27:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:NENSH3AHHDZW4ECNJNJLW5QC3D","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"99f56d5699dd89330d5069892f68852bf9961757c92d88d93479e1f10d72f805","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"c6fb564b07f957ab6efcf9803e86bc17e386aa2e5a141c1e9fd7679f71e0477d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.09874","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.09874v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.09874","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NENSH3AHHDZW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NENSH3AHHDZW4ECN","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NENSH3AH","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3bcfac18c65956138a30c762d4d5c4b70e7ead18ceae67b369b33ee230635c95","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2406.09874/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Energy-efficient spintronic devices require a large spin-orbit torque (SOT) and low damping to excite magnetic precession. In conventional devices with heavy-metal/ferromagnet bilayers, reducing the ferromagnet thickness to $\\sim$1 nm enhances the SOT but dramatically increases damping. Here, we investigate an alternative approach based on a 10 nm thick single-layer ferromagnet to attain both low damping and a sizable SOT. Instead of relying on a single interface, we continuously break the bulk inversion symmetry with a vertical compositional gradient of two ferromagnetic elements: Fe with low","authors_text":"Alexander J. Grutter, Andrew J. Caruana, Bhuwan Nepal, Christy J. Kinane, David A. Smith, F. Marc Michel, Jing Zhao, Julia L. Jones, Prabandha Nakarmi, Purnima P. Balakrishnan, Rachel E. Maizel, Satoru Emori, Shuang Wu, Tim Mewes, Wyatt C. Thomas, Youngmin Lim","cross_cats":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","title":"Vertically Graded Fe-Ni Alloys with Low Damping and a Sizeable Spin-Orbit Torque"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2781564b582fd787b575b54e3102c981758f7f32d89932d784de04cfbb8f4332","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"99f56d5699dd89330d5069892f68852bf9961757c92d88d93479e1f10d72f805","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mes-hall"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2024-06-14T09:38:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"c6fb564b07f957ab6efcf9803e86bc17e386aa2e5a141c1e9fd7679f71e0477d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.09874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"691b23ec0738f36e104d4b52bb7602d8ef3ddcd24e2a4c347f51d117f31f2040","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"691b23ec0738f36e104d4b52bb7602d8ef3ddcd24e2a4c347f51d117f31f2040","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564325Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564325Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2bImv2N87Da7kHb/SmuxOdgfAlI9rExlRt6mlc4lf0VnrDQFkhCusknNSN3vq6C8lBMaQv8z0GR0RGiX2t9QDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:51:33.564813Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2406.09874","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2781564b582fd787b575b54e3102c981758f7f32d89932d784de04cfbb8f4332","sha256:3bcfac18c65956138a30c762d4d5c4b70e7ead18ceae67b369b33ee230635c95"],"state_sha256":"2f8e154d58f4c7dbd711a1c5ce2bc631bbcdb782b6c40ff03fd34b8f9e229bb8"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pq4uyMj7IQiwJxDtbvccRfkuOKce/K/FWBQAob96YpuYpluDtPS6LM5rnlY+ToehBbVYNHM0o3Wg9bdfnWABAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T23:27:39.721793Z","bundle_sha256":"247f4c3d77e4b439c336b7a9c3083319c069574687cdac544004c67c79fb154c"}}