{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B","short_pith_number":"pith:NN5JDMQR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3f3141ec4114934f33f368d5960fe407a34fa2b0800d3340dde9028f9d65a919","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3c7a7fee257cd4739930e88f32e4da7dd779ac75f4cbbbc1a3775b89cb39131"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b7a91b211187ac7c8fecf1494092ed0483c106eb554d5abbb83ef0712eb79e8","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1605.03153","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03153","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03153v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03153","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NN5JDMQRDB5M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NN5JDMQR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3f3141ec4114934f33f368d5960fe407a34fa2b0800d3340dde9028f9d65a919","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3c7a7fee257cd4739930e88f32e4da7dd779ac75f4cbbbc1a3775b89cb39131"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b7a91b211187ac7c8fecf1494092ed0483c106eb554d5abbb83ef0712eb79e8","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.395568Z","signature_b64":"SeSmKzigV7j73yRG7QHBMalz1YKkNYKgvt0X4hFGrPCpYoup1NfYZG8Fm3tGLBPqnKxChdHBVCNkB4cw917xDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6b7a91b211187ac7c8fecf1494092ed0483c106eb554d5abbb83ef0712eb79e8","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.394842Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.394842Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1605.03153","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HAqz+bSGqpwkc4EdQBZn5Muu+1W6I6aA1PzfKyY1MtfV8MwRXnLdMqUYfi3iC++avYYKnsViMfhJG6aGi49EDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T12:12:07.162488Z"},"content_sha256":"d66849280f7a64692af2f84c4e635b7b1c1689a442e3d43f1e7ac33fe1a2e30c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d66849280f7a64692af2f84c4e635b7b1c1689a442e3d43f1e7ac33fe1a2e30c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Wind Turbine Large-Eddy Simulations on Very Coarse Grid Resolutions using an Actuator Line Model","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Charles Meneveau, Luis A. Mart\\'inez Tossas, Richard J.A.M. Stevens","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this work the accuracy of the Actuator Line Model (ALM) in Large Eddy Simulations of wind turbine flow is studied under the specific conditions of very coarse spatial resolutions. For finely-resolved conditions, it is known that ALM provides better accuracy compared to the standard Actuator Disk Model (ADM) without rotation. However, we show here that on very coarse resolutions, flow induction occurring at rotor scales can affect the predicted inflow angle and can adversely affect the ALM predictions. We first provide an illustration of coarse LES to reproduce wind tunnel measurements. The "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"udNmATeIx528Y5HOnB+MwwLSPPSNI0jag2lNsMVKN0bvDTw6jQsfSBWQgB45edTZO+GV9BHj8W6q01QMyPuTAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T12:12:07.162848Z"},"content_sha256":"f43741f3cdb213d913cf5c391dd34773d15a509b72597dbac37dc1af695a6801","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f43741f3cdb213d913cf5c391dd34773d15a509b72597dbac37dc1af695a6801"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-05T12:12:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6Z4KJICJO2B","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3c7a7fee257cd4739930e88f32e4da7dd779ac75f4cbbbc1a3775b89cb39131","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f3141ec4114934f33f368d5960fe407a34fa2b0800d3340dde9028f9d65a919"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03153","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03153v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03153","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NN5JDMQRDB5M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NN5JDMQRDB5MPSH6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NN5JDMQR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f43741f3cdb213d913cf5c391dd34773d15a509b72597dbac37dc1af695a6801","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this work the accuracy of the Actuator Line Model (ALM) in Large Eddy Simulations of wind turbine flow is studied under the specific conditions of very coarse spatial resolutions. For finely-resolved conditions, it is known that ALM provides better accuracy compared to the standard Actuator Disk Model (ADM) without rotation. However, we show here that on very coarse resolutions, flow induction occurring at rotor scales can affect the predicted inflow angle and can adversely affect the ALM predictions. We first provide an illustration of coarse LES to reproduce wind tunnel measurements. The ","authors_text":"Charles Meneveau, Luis A. Mart\\'inez Tossas, Richard J.A.M. Stevens","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","title":"Wind Turbine Large-Eddy Simulations on Very Coarse Grid Resolutions using an Actuator Line Model"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d66849280f7a64692af2f84c4e635b7b1c1689a442e3d43f1e7ac33fe1a2e30c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3c7a7fee257cd4739930e88f32e4da7dd779ac75f4cbbbc1a3775b89cb39131","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T19:06:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f3141ec4114934f33f368d5960fe407a34fa2b0800d3340dde9028f9d65a919"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03153","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6b7a91b211187ac7c8fecf1494092ed0483c106eb554d5abbb83ef0712eb79e8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6b7a91b211187ac7c8fecf1494092ed0483c106eb554d5abbb83ef0712eb79e8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.394842Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.394842Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"SeSmKzigV7j73yRG7QHBMalz1YKkNYKgvt0X4hFGrPCpYoup1NfYZG8Fm3tGLBPqnKxChdHBVCNkB4cw917xDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:15:07.395568Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1605.03153","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d66849280f7a64692af2f84c4e635b7b1c1689a442e3d43f1e7ac33fe1a2e30c","sha256:f43741f3cdb213d913cf5c391dd34773d15a509b72597dbac37dc1af695a6801"],"state_sha256":"68d6b78b7d2082998bc82d571f2bd1ac362cf977946e8b42da7e4265d047576b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kuRzrUHo7whW2sp32M9S4tARvLO0LIREUvSUa2Udo6Yi2kmQc3ns6CiCR4UNJawm/InPrZLpnS872ydD1XuEDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T12:12:07.164799Z","bundle_sha256":"d949fe03d10caca7a8f9b079e4d0283a50aa13386669eee8b648b73c0371f2aa"}}