{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7","short_pith_number":"pith:NNQ5R535","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"a40939425c56bac14f754ba324350eeb6b815f873eeea94207ada320008afd5b","abstract_canon_sha256":"5c022bc39bb7cf2e91fb9455cf94ae2b828c02ed89a787a1ec305fef5dda2558"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b61d8f77da91a09ee2fd075da8aee07d837f9fe5feb4a37a047fca7a248a4ec","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1912.07840","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.07840","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.07840v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.07840","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NNQ5R535VENA","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NNQ5R535VENAT3RP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NNQ5R535","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"a40939425c56bac14f754ba324350eeb6b815f873eeea94207ada320008afd5b","abstract_canon_sha256":"5c022bc39bb7cf2e91fb9455cf94ae2b828c02ed89a787a1ec305fef5dda2558"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b61d8f77da91a09ee2fd075da8aee07d837f9fe5feb4a37a047fca7a248a4ec","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.597193Z","signature_b64":"x4kLsTy+nXjVhQkt9++6SVar8B+rnQIflRN9pX5qVQ0DydbOsMWBwsEg2jUrhhDdhNt4tKoYyL/lgJBiVSXHCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6b61d8f77da91a09ee2fd075da8aee07d837f9fe5feb4a37a047fca7a248a4ec","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.596672Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.596672Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1912.07840","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ic2bzo4hH7cTx6Ove0z94Q800et3WcpumuB01vFBdoAHEZMHIFIbJjtkZ5XHJjzGc0l6YzT5NorHGQ2lBJmaCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T12:25:16.456894Z"},"content_sha256":"96dfa77f7f360ca2229023432836d709df0176bdfcf7e8f4a68c0a1b5233246e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:96dfa77f7f360ca2229023432836d709df0176bdfcf7e8f4a68c0a1b5233246e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual BERT: An Empirical Study","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Dan Roth, Karthikeyan K, Stephen Mayhew, Zihan Wang","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent work has exhibited the surprising cross-lingual abilities of multilingual BERT (M-BERT) -- surprising since it is trained without any cross-lingual objective and with no aligned data. In this work, we provide a comprehensive study of the contribution of different components in M-BERT to its cross-lingual ability. We study the impact of linguistic properties of the languages, the architecture of the model, and the learning objectives. The experimental study is done in the context of three typologically different languages -- Spanish, Hindi, and Russian -- and using two conceptually diffe"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1912.07840/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"U4wCTbWQ98ET/I2oWs7vxO9f54e8V1WpVFjkx4tAdBQRVKwQl4jyQna1hlMfKTVwxOFwBGLubVHg0JlHDt1XDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T12:25:16.457281Z"},"content_sha256":"a150cc00a972d6c1eca0dd29cd7145732e82a86f80c2bd26f86a427139041682","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a150cc00a972d6c1eca0dd29cd7145732e82a86f80c2bd26f86a427139041682"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-08T12:25:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NNQ5R535VENAT3RP2B25VCXOA7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c022bc39bb7cf2e91fb9455cf94ae2b828c02ed89a787a1ec305fef5dda2558","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"a40939425c56bac14f754ba324350eeb6b815f873eeea94207ada320008afd5b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.07840","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.07840v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.07840","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NNQ5R535VENA","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NNQ5R535VENAT3RP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NNQ5R535","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a150cc00a972d6c1eca0dd29cd7145732e82a86f80c2bd26f86a427139041682","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1912.07840/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent work has exhibited the surprising cross-lingual abilities of multilingual BERT (M-BERT) -- surprising since it is trained without any cross-lingual objective and with no aligned data. In this work, we provide a comprehensive study of the contribution of different components in M-BERT to its cross-lingual ability. We study the impact of linguistic properties of the languages, the architecture of the model, and the learning objectives. The experimental study is done in the context of three typologically different languages -- Spanish, Hindi, and Russian -- and using two conceptually diffe","authors_text":"Dan Roth, Karthikeyan K, Stephen Mayhew, Zihan Wang","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","title":"Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual BERT: An Empirical Study"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:96dfa77f7f360ca2229023432836d709df0176bdfcf7e8f4a68c0a1b5233246e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c022bc39bb7cf2e91fb9455cf94ae2b828c02ed89a787a1ec305fef5dda2558","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-12-17T06:53:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"a40939425c56bac14f754ba324350eeb6b815f873eeea94207ada320008afd5b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.07840","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"6b61d8f77da91a09ee2fd075da8aee07d837f9fe5feb4a37a047fca7a248a4ec","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6b61d8f77da91a09ee2fd075da8aee07d837f9fe5feb4a37a047fca7a248a4ec","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.596672Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.596672Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"x4kLsTy+nXjVhQkt9++6SVar8B+rnQIflRN9pX5qVQ0DydbOsMWBwsEg2jUrhhDdhNt4tKoYyL/lgJBiVSXHCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:01.597193Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1912.07840","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:96dfa77f7f360ca2229023432836d709df0176bdfcf7e8f4a68c0a1b5233246e","sha256:a150cc00a972d6c1eca0dd29cd7145732e82a86f80c2bd26f86a427139041682"],"state_sha256":"3da313fd04df36b66c0a71940bcac39227d74cec0b76379aa20a4c13d6748461"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mdGCZbbl33CSe7+dAX5ff+QhJJpWgoSGVoJcjye8kZcxc6o/df93XSnxoJK2ZugPw6tfpqCjCQGcpj4UR9MPAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T12:25:16.459939Z","bundle_sha256":"9547aab07e866c15e03c5084bdcf0434cb0e77903b15f3d804ca58eed32238e3"}}