{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42","short_pith_number":"pith:NNT5MTCE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3e7cf645a9e9442f742b4995352774af4510154e300f5353fb6f5ed47c758b80","abstract_canon_sha256":"e594dde08c5ac2968f051f54e083572f85e7cd1e461b164c0192d9f8a22b69fa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b67d64c443c753c74ac3ff472354ae69ace359e4841d5277d86b8be4e7bcad7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1706.07600","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1706.07600","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1706.07600v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1706.07600","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NNT5MTCEHR2T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NNT5MTCE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3e7cf645a9e9442f742b4995352774af4510154e300f5353fb6f5ed47c758b80","abstract_canon_sha256":"e594dde08c5ac2968f051f54e083572f85e7cd1e461b164c0192d9f8a22b69fa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6b67d64c443c753c74ac3ff472354ae69ace359e4841d5277d86b8be4e7bcad7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.667181Z","signature_b64":"HvQ8OiE3k4opn3qvvvtG6qp7s3zO/6FQAO3ViUQfLVcFuQV5WhLz6MrceUAq9/4fqJ1LRLSjXYKi62NXLcYeCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6b67d64c443c753c74ac3ff472354ae69ace359e4841d5277d86b8be4e7bcad7","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.666500Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.666500Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1706.07600","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eERClOzZ+YllNXrWzS2Br+iiTK9HT0Rwb+2SEEEylxw3S6NRYSX3XigDRRzFwnrQ8bx43OUbiAkhYMwxo4WSDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T08:25:26.818872Z"},"content_sha256":"c64cb4092394e2c0e847671ab982ac5cf76eb36e594f9c3838a24f1280e231dd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c64cb4092394e2c0e847671ab982ac5cf76eb36e594f9c3838a24f1280e231dd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Churn for the Better: Localizing Censorship using Network-level Path Churn and Network Tomography","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Abbas Razaghpanah, Phillipa Gill, Rishab Nithyanand, Shinyoung Cho","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have seen the Internet become a key vehicle for citizens around the globe to express political opinions and organize protests. This fact has not gone unnoticed, with countries around the world repurposing network management tools (e.g., URL filtering products) and protocols (e.g., BGP, DNS) for censorship. However, repurposing these products can have unintended international impact, which we refer to as \"censorship leakage\". While there have been anecdotal reports of censorship leakage, there has yet to be a systematic study of censorship leakage at a global scale. In this paper, "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"b4h9eL6zwVQ9fgOuGliyTlVqmU/Ae5FLwDX+ZmFrt3pmbZ6u5Mb5uCzxlQRdZckeqb3U9I11idIWPC1tUdSABg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T08:25:26.819207Z"},"content_sha256":"56a7fae9e9ed9220c79135acc15c534a8edbc2838c325b971aa82addfbfdc96e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:56a7fae9e9ed9220c79135acc15c534a8edbc2838c325b971aa82addfbfdc96e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T08:25:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FMH72HENKK42","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e594dde08c5ac2968f051f54e083572f85e7cd1e461b164c0192d9f8a22b69fa","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"3e7cf645a9e9442f742b4995352774af4510154e300f5353fb6f5ed47c758b80"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1706.07600","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1706.07600v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1706.07600","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NNT5MTCEHR2T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NNT5MTCEHR2TY5FM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NNT5MTCE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:56a7fae9e9ed9220c79135acc15c534a8edbc2838c325b971aa82addfbfdc96e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have seen the Internet become a key vehicle for citizens around the globe to express political opinions and organize protests. This fact has not gone unnoticed, with countries around the world repurposing network management tools (e.g., URL filtering products) and protocols (e.g., BGP, DNS) for censorship. However, repurposing these products can have unintended international impact, which we refer to as \"censorship leakage\". While there have been anecdotal reports of censorship leakage, there has yet to be a systematic study of censorship leakage at a global scale. In this paper, ","authors_text":"Abbas Razaghpanah, Phillipa Gill, Rishab Nithyanand, Shinyoung Cho","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","title":"A Churn for the Better: Localizing Censorship using Network-level Path Churn and Network Tomography"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c64cb4092394e2c0e847671ab982ac5cf76eb36e594f9c3838a24f1280e231dd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e594dde08c5ac2968f051f54e083572f85e7cd1e461b164c0192d9f8a22b69fa","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-06-23T08:49:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"3e7cf645a9e9442f742b4995352774af4510154e300f5353fb6f5ed47c758b80"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1706.07600","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6b67d64c443c753c74ac3ff472354ae69ace359e4841d5277d86b8be4e7bcad7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6b67d64c443c753c74ac3ff472354ae69ace359e4841d5277d86b8be4e7bcad7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.666500Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.666500Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"HvQ8OiE3k4opn3qvvvtG6qp7s3zO/6FQAO3ViUQfLVcFuQV5WhLz6MrceUAq9/4fqJ1LRLSjXYKi62NXLcYeCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:41:48.667181Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1706.07600","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c64cb4092394e2c0e847671ab982ac5cf76eb36e594f9c3838a24f1280e231dd","sha256:56a7fae9e9ed9220c79135acc15c534a8edbc2838c325b971aa82addfbfdc96e"],"state_sha256":"cfd0a3a992f7cee2f5fa2d587fd3d4b778665baeec48bb128856cd69f1a1fb46"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/BFdAFsCIldq30Ib7g7hVpgaAOGqm7WKZTbJC7hX5D7V955XW58o0KTj7i61ezvX3qFe8UcWt3mTNUx6OcNRBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T08:25:26.821118Z","bundle_sha256":"465d3f0542d1bd9dfbbb3bdc67be41e886f6f62f724e5f32ca0a3a26fb945bfb"}}