{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z","short_pith_number":"pith:NO4EM4QA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"aef62f3b30f9fcce209f898b40eb90ea5240b13156377bc69cc12f908b9b25d1","abstract_canon_sha256":"9cdfe7782b444799f4be3349fa041d37e84ab95204dd985dcde5ac99ae1b1dc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6bb8467200a8828fa4aaad6578caa0de4bd3f9ccb46684d8478c0a9383e7d332","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1610.02908","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1610.02908","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1610.02908v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1610.02908","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NO4EM4QAVCBI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NO4EM4QA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"aef62f3b30f9fcce209f898b40eb90ea5240b13156377bc69cc12f908b9b25d1","abstract_canon_sha256":"9cdfe7782b444799f4be3349fa041d37e84ab95204dd985dcde5ac99ae1b1dc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6bb8467200a8828fa4aaad6578caa0de4bd3f9ccb46684d8478c0a9383e7d332","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.309534Z","signature_b64":"NsvEfhDvgr5P8WpZdYOG4B5djRqW4L1i6F2r/PkPIkfIMEt9AREFMjmeNBLx46xp/iRO9I1l1+ifdHWHPUMiAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6bb8467200a8828fa4aaad6578caa0de4bd3f9ccb46684d8478c0a9383e7d332","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.308922Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.308922Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1610.02908","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SBKlrlpD75NPX707uvsIFVi+bXaB3UxBWM7ulnb0Q8rsGG7XP2QQfVGC3SCWDelvpXP42KsRZ63ING1jd4UnBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T23:39:14.575480Z"},"content_sha256":"eaf3abce1447c95a4b953816e6e43aba8ecfd66b42e99dc869b9b317993e0a37","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:eaf3abce1447c95a4b953816e6e43aba8ecfd66b42e99dc869b9b317993e0a37"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Fundamental difference between superblockers and superspreaders in networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Claudio Castellano, Filippo Radicchi","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Two very important problems regarding spreading phenomena in complex topologies are the optimal selection of node sets either to minimize or maximize the extent of outbreaks. Both problems are nontrivial when a small fraction of the nodes in the network can be used to achieve the desired goal. The minimization problem is equivalent to a structural optimization. The \"superblockers\", i.e., the nodes that should be removed from the network to minimize the size of outbreaks, are those nodes that make connected components as small as possible. \"Superspreaders\" are instead the nodes such that, if ch"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xRGbkiMn6PPk6HrOWt1068jJ+VTdhKs4/MaH5OfhhYzKs5CyAZj2BMCVJ4ZeXmw0SjIOBVgscpXd8gtoOc9RAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T23:39:14.576201Z"},"content_sha256":"46ac64a4e3bb4b8421a0fd85992761ee0ac15813cb69ba54c84d79fadce6a719","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:46ac64a4e3bb4b8421a0fd85992761ee0ac15813cb69ba54c84d79fadce6a719"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T23:39:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFKVVSXRSVA3Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9cdfe7782b444799f4be3349fa041d37e84ab95204dd985dcde5ac99ae1b1dc9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"aef62f3b30f9fcce209f898b40eb90ea5240b13156377bc69cc12f908b9b25d1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1610.02908","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1610.02908v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1610.02908","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NO4EM4QAVCBI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NO4EM4QAVCBI7JFK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NO4EM4QA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:46ac64a4e3bb4b8421a0fd85992761ee0ac15813cb69ba54c84d79fadce6a719","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Two very important problems regarding spreading phenomena in complex topologies are the optimal selection of node sets either to minimize or maximize the extent of outbreaks. Both problems are nontrivial when a small fraction of the nodes in the network can be used to achieve the desired goal. The minimization problem is equivalent to a structural optimization. The \"superblockers\", i.e., the nodes that should be removed from the network to minimize the size of outbreaks, are those nodes that make connected components as small as possible. \"Superspreaders\" are instead the nodes such that, if ch","authors_text":"Claudio Castellano, Filippo Radicchi","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","title":"Fundamental difference between superblockers and superspreaders in networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:eaf3abce1447c95a4b953816e6e43aba8ecfd66b42e99dc869b9b317993e0a37","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9cdfe7782b444799f4be3349fa041d37e84ab95204dd985dcde5ac99ae1b1dc9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-10-10T13:28:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"aef62f3b30f9fcce209f898b40eb90ea5240b13156377bc69cc12f908b9b25d1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1610.02908","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"6bb8467200a8828fa4aaad6578caa0de4bd3f9ccb46684d8478c0a9383e7d332","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6bb8467200a8828fa4aaad6578caa0de4bd3f9ccb46684d8478c0a9383e7d332","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.308922Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.308922Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NsvEfhDvgr5P8WpZdYOG4B5djRqW4L1i6F2r/PkPIkfIMEt9AREFMjmeNBLx46xp/iRO9I1l1+ifdHWHPUMiAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:25.309534Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1610.02908","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:eaf3abce1447c95a4b953816e6e43aba8ecfd66b42e99dc869b9b317993e0a37","sha256:46ac64a4e3bb4b8421a0fd85992761ee0ac15813cb69ba54c84d79fadce6a719"],"state_sha256":"222cb13d77cdee71d0c2c56015acd47107dd19131bbffa43e285d903db408941"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ckzKsfWk6Y8FJYjXTJ/oGMPRpukuus3zoz3M3WB/KdgYEXfsc4hEo5Unygno4sBx7iyBIB9cOBST6Zcf+0LUBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T23:39:14.579819Z","bundle_sha256":"a461a47b91aa9c00775a4aeeab42eacb1a048713e10fef2cad0d1b43e26a0a3c"}}