{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z","short_pith_number":"pith:NQOLG2AJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8273a16e2860967992cec3f7b56be68aac0462191a2e4cfe9b2239b2318b2f25","abstract_canon_sha256":"71694e6e0aca3a7fa623ed14a83196856ee47c9183eacdecc9b086204809e81b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6c1cb368099c229366834494cc83c5e679608d1a04c2cb1a765a1c54b98d6c73","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.12400","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.12400","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.12400v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.12400","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJTQRJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8273a16e2860967992cec3f7b56be68aac0462191a2e4cfe9b2239b2318b2f25","abstract_canon_sha256":"71694e6e0aca3a7fa623ed14a83196856ee47c9183eacdecc9b086204809e81b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6c1cb368099c229366834494cc83c5e679608d1a04c2cb1a765a1c54b98d6c73","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159679Z","signature_b64":"yzsU/o7Pojkg8Hbc2YQ2iJfzX57Fy/eFk6jAynkmfrYTEzKTbVQX5bTr9nu9D4/h5Eh1rmGiSTRQphxKkTnEBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6c1cb368099c229366834494cc83c5e679608d1a04c2cb1a765a1c54b98d6c73","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159101Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159101Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.12400","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3X4cAn0QHrueBFHNtlAZ0b5NdIMSMr+HVvUYEhgQExqPl+dzm6JASGAQ49dQWZo3D/WZcH1IDlYz668sqbt0Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T17:19:53.954934Z"},"content_sha256":"b82231465db0a526d4c239619d56eabebe1832e5ad80811b06d8583f5ee86a5e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b82231465db0a526d4c239619d56eabebe1832e5ad80811b06d8583f5ee86a5e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Force-Directed Approach for Offline GPS Trajectory Map Matching","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DS","authors_text":"Efstratios Rappos, Philippe Cudr\\'e-Mauroux, Stephan Robert","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a novel algorithm to match GPS trajectories onto maps offline (in batch mode) using techniques borrowed from the field of force-directed graph drawing. We consider a simulated physical system where each GPS trajectory is attracted or repelled by the underlying road network via electrical-like forces. We let the system evolve under the action of these physical forces such that individual trajectories are attracted towards candidate roads to obtain a map matching path. Our approach has several advantages compared to traditional, routing-based, algorithms for map matching, including th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FVHNqboVu8WdpZHoR6B3bYVB+2/pNW1aaqxTqIzDvDwFCM+oJ8rrJvikEa2r6tQqNmalE3tM4kqP4f9jPuNTCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T17:19:53.955643Z"},"content_sha256":"13192029bbf3cbb84b3b9f795f6d4b4f23c4e44f964c391eec67a546a20d011a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:13192029bbf3cbb84b3b9f795f6d4b4f23c4e44f964c391eec67a546a20d011a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T17:19:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUDISKMZA6F4Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"71694e6e0aca3a7fa623ed14a83196856ee47c9183eacdecc9b086204809e81b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"8273a16e2860967992cec3f7b56be68aac0462191a2e4cfe9b2239b2318b2f25"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.12400","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.12400v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.12400","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJTQRJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJTQRJGZUD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NQOLG2AJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:13192029bbf3cbb84b3b9f795f6d4b4f23c4e44f964c391eec67a546a20d011a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present a novel algorithm to match GPS trajectories onto maps offline (in batch mode) using techniques borrowed from the field of force-directed graph drawing. We consider a simulated physical system where each GPS trajectory is attracted or repelled by the underlying road network via electrical-like forces. We let the system evolve under the action of these physical forces such that individual trajectories are attracted towards candidate roads to obtain a map matching path. Our approach has several advantages compared to traditional, routing-based, algorithms for map matching, including th","authors_text":"Efstratios Rappos, Philippe Cudr\\'e-Mauroux, Stephan Robert","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","title":"A Force-Directed Approach for Offline GPS Trajectory Map Matching"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b82231465db0a526d4c239619d56eabebe1832e5ad80811b06d8583f5ee86a5e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"71694e6e0aca3a7fa623ed14a83196856ee47c9183eacdecc9b086204809e81b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2019-03-29T08:58:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"8273a16e2860967992cec3f7b56be68aac0462191a2e4cfe9b2239b2318b2f25"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.12400","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6c1cb368099c229366834494cc83c5e679608d1a04c2cb1a765a1c54b98d6c73","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6c1cb368099c229366834494cc83c5e679608d1a04c2cb1a765a1c54b98d6c73","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159101Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159101Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"yzsU/o7Pojkg8Hbc2YQ2iJfzX57Fy/eFk6jAynkmfrYTEzKTbVQX5bTr9nu9D4/h5Eh1rmGiSTRQphxKkTnEBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:54.159679Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.12400","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b82231465db0a526d4c239619d56eabebe1832e5ad80811b06d8583f5ee86a5e","sha256:13192029bbf3cbb84b3b9f795f6d4b4f23c4e44f964c391eec67a546a20d011a"],"state_sha256":"4fb735f94ddfbb369b02291ee7dd80427951a532b138889ceae7153f9761386b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RugNnT/UsF+eRFposwfouigofNl74CxQZGf/CtrdDGJrEvm4/K6rtapQz9kdLlw19qgVgq8cKIXHTMBWUxpJAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T17:19:53.958649Z","bundle_sha256":"5b8e1081dc465bf510832dae57381b31e1756d8a7836875b92bbe8408015940c"}}