{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX","short_pith_number":"pith:NQWFPPLZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7dd1893a2adb01486968f081be5c9c10761a102d0c777d66c9c63ec31a219a22","abstract_canon_sha256":"27895e79fd6e822e42ffda022b745ca1893c4901ed4e762d03d9e7ef907425f2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6c2c57bd79ae373731a97089b072fd15d43a776201bbb906484d7d8def429523","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2211.16626","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.16626","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.16626v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.16626","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZVY3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7dd1893a2adb01486968f081be5c9c10761a102d0c777d66c9c63ec31a219a22","abstract_canon_sha256":"27895e79fd6e822e42ffda022b745ca1893c4901ed4e762d03d9e7ef907425f2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6c2c57bd79ae373731a97089b072fd15d43a776201bbb906484d7d8def429523","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013612Z","signature_b64":"6a9t28ZLbQkAcNYG1B/1ev9GqcSS8XLp5/qnfTcDc6wN4Q/1Sf2L1qHFFnIA30h2ZoMK5jjG8P8RGkDE2TXgDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6c2c57bd79ae373731a97089b072fd15d43a776201bbb906484d7d8def429523","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013126Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013126Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2211.16626","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"GE6OBY9iX/3laOp9Ek4VLVO5x6FZIakVhXKXz5KKdu2P04qHId5b8634fZBaJELqSsA3Ulr313K3hOY7qdi9Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:23:28.468932Z"},"content_sha256":"bfc0cc2ed83766e983790e8a81329ae4c9a7f2c2036a1ed5b5060c1f5944742f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bfc0cc2ed83766e983790e8a81329ae4c9a7f2c2036a1ed5b5060c1f5944742f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Sludge for Good: Slowing and Imposing Costs on Cyber Attackers","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Douglas Hough, Jamie Met, Josiah Dykstra, Kelly Shortridge","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"Choice architecture describes the design by which choices are presented to people. Nudges are an aspect intended to make \"good\" outcomes easy, such as using password meters to encourage strong passwords. Sludge, on the contrary, is friction that raises the transaction cost and is often seen as a negative to users. Turning this concept around, we propose applying sludge for positive cybersecurity outcomes by using it offensively to consume attackers' time and other resources.\n  To date, most cyber defenses have been designed to be optimally strong and effective and prohibit or eliminate attacke"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2211.16626/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"voseNyz2rv6isLkx5+E8qieb49+652J6Xo6bR+oNpwKFkWusFI/Ch2DvqLuSWlwVEeLz0ADu/Sz/dMFwsXipAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:23:28.469359Z"},"content_sha256":"4ad9fa9739aac4479875901561b2c99bc816b50630582a7e5eb6fa0460cf429e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4ad9fa9739aac4479875901561b2c99bc816b50630582a7e5eb6fa0460cf429e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T09:23:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJOCE3A4X5CX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27895e79fd6e822e42ffda022b745ca1893c4901ed4e762d03d9e7ef907425f2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"7dd1893a2adb01486968f081be5c9c10761a102d0c777d66c9c63ec31a219a22"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.16626","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.16626v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.16626","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZVY3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZVY3TOMNJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NQWFPPLZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4ad9fa9739aac4479875901561b2c99bc816b50630582a7e5eb6fa0460cf429e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2211.16626/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Choice architecture describes the design by which choices are presented to people. Nudges are an aspect intended to make \"good\" outcomes easy, such as using password meters to encourage strong passwords. Sludge, on the contrary, is friction that raises the transaction cost and is often seen as a negative to users. Turning this concept around, we propose applying sludge for positive cybersecurity outcomes by using it offensively to consume attackers' time and other resources.\n  To date, most cyber defenses have been designed to be optimally strong and effective and prohibit or eliminate attacke","authors_text":"Douglas Hough, Jamie Met, Josiah Dykstra, Kelly Shortridge","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","title":"Sludge for Good: Slowing and Imposing Costs on Cyber Attackers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:bfc0cc2ed83766e983790e8a81329ae4c9a7f2c2036a1ed5b5060c1f5944742f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27895e79fd6e822e42ffda022b745ca1893c4901ed4e762d03d9e7ef907425f2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-11-29T23:11:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"7dd1893a2adb01486968f081be5c9c10761a102d0c777d66c9c63ec31a219a22"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.16626","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6c2c57bd79ae373731a97089b072fd15d43a776201bbb906484d7d8def429523","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6c2c57bd79ae373731a97089b072fd15d43a776201bbb906484d7d8def429523","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013126Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013126Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"6a9t28ZLbQkAcNYG1B/1ev9GqcSS8XLp5/qnfTcDc6wN4Q/1Sf2L1qHFFnIA30h2ZoMK5jjG8P8RGkDE2TXgDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:21:09.013612Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2211.16626","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:bfc0cc2ed83766e983790e8a81329ae4c9a7f2c2036a1ed5b5060c1f5944742f","sha256:4ad9fa9739aac4479875901561b2c99bc816b50630582a7e5eb6fa0460cf429e"],"state_sha256":"0aa71366f17de80c7e1c348d3b427069744edc6d3da9c80c488d850965f7e6f2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TBR4x3KzIMV5j5wpNMw+lkU1pajD0vWucVbo/TWVAvQXn5YXQpcn3KFuyTr2JipbyeKPPmLl9OaNSaG2v3k8DA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:23:28.471666Z","bundle_sha256":"b6bd99b19851740b0b7a24a1f506376781be2b4537ce0bcf91fc8113606fa924"}}