{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B","short_pith_number":"pith:NS4IV5YG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"c65a75c5e8f65bf013cc9a20e5b3b85863f3fb279bef200037037a4dc45bee8c","abstract_canon_sha256":"54067e4fee445392e4a204e7a3feb54bf97f006fd8116dc40a9ffc1371598a1b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6cb88af706d2cbec567b4e889e34e1e0683129fac4e689c1c88dfef5842ace40","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2211.05139","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.05139","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.05139v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.05139","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG2LF6","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"c65a75c5e8f65bf013cc9a20e5b3b85863f3fb279bef200037037a4dc45bee8c","abstract_canon_sha256":"54067e4fee445392e4a204e7a3feb54bf97f006fd8116dc40a9ffc1371598a1b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6cb88af706d2cbec567b4e889e34e1e0683129fac4e689c1c88dfef5842ace40","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238962Z","signature_b64":"RdTkxakVgHofuMp9SQmp6vtljwCcfEa88+a5KERWtgXSBeHTxEBqCmqEN5FkvqIONbhmAfQfmZhRHVEj2u9WBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6cb88af706d2cbec567b4e889e34e1e0683129fac4e689c1c88dfef5842ace40","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238526Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238526Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2211.05139","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MIVZQTz+t+cUwPpDFi9EVt4JatHZVniJ1mchg2YMbSVT2pG3a3qCdjUkQxDI6pbRxQXCF/XA64V/f+8/kWLlDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:42:05.340634Z"},"content_sha256":"b2d1def33d78e3207796f6322efe400f5518bd74ea4d109295ae17f310208064","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b2d1def33d78e3207796f6322efe400f5518bd74ea4d109295ae17f310208064"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Millicharged Relics Reveal Massless Dark Photons","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"hep-ph","authors_text":"Asher Berlin, Jeff A. Dror, Joshua T. Ruderman, Xucheng Gan","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"The detection of massless kinetically-mixed dark photons is notoriously difficult, as the effect of this mixing can be removed by a field redefinition in vacuum. In this work, we study the prospect of detecting massless dark photons in the presence of a cosmic relic directly charged under this dark electromagnetism. Such millicharged particles, in the form of dark matter or dark radiation, generate an effective dark photon mass that drives photon-to-dark photon oscillations in the early universe. We also study the prospect for such models to alleviate existing cosmological constraints on massi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2211.05139/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MfuQa/Qln5OoqGhlNdynv7kG1tpyt31/2uG1dNf0dyKysmKofMqnXHpPp632Bnp68teLGfFoIWI4LVjAC27kCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:42:05.341326Z"},"content_sha256":"0449ad1d8411857965d61d3ce18ba271de81236492b37dfea9e42a973b8e0290","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0449ad1d8411857965d61d3ce18ba271de81236492b37dfea9e42a973b8e0290"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T04:42:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3J2EJ4NHB4B","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"54067e4fee445392e4a204e7a3feb54bf97f006fd8116dc40a9ffc1371598a1b","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"c65a75c5e8f65bf013cc9a20e5b3b85863f3fb279bef200037037a4dc45bee8c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.05139","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.05139v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.05139","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG2LF6","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG2LF6YVT3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NS4IV5YG","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0449ad1d8411857965d61d3ce18ba271de81236492b37dfea9e42a973b8e0290","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2211.05139/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The detection of massless kinetically-mixed dark photons is notoriously difficult, as the effect of this mixing can be removed by a field redefinition in vacuum. In this work, we study the prospect of detecting massless dark photons in the presence of a cosmic relic directly charged under this dark electromagnetism. Such millicharged particles, in the form of dark matter or dark radiation, generate an effective dark photon mass that drives photon-to-dark photon oscillations in the early universe. We also study the prospect for such models to alleviate existing cosmological constraints on massi","authors_text":"Asher Berlin, Jeff A. Dror, Joshua T. Ruderman, Xucheng Gan","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","title":"Millicharged Relics Reveal Massless Dark Photons"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b2d1def33d78e3207796f6322efe400f5518bd74ea4d109295ae17f310208064","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"54067e4fee445392e4a204e7a3feb54bf97f006fd8116dc40a9ffc1371598a1b","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-11-09T19:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"c65a75c5e8f65bf013cc9a20e5b3b85863f3fb279bef200037037a4dc45bee8c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.05139","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"6cb88af706d2cbec567b4e889e34e1e0683129fac4e689c1c88dfef5842ace40","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6cb88af706d2cbec567b4e889e34e1e0683129fac4e689c1c88dfef5842ace40","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238526Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238526Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"RdTkxakVgHofuMp9SQmp6vtljwCcfEa88+a5KERWtgXSBeHTxEBqCmqEN5FkvqIONbhmAfQfmZhRHVEj2u9WBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:07:34.238962Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2211.05139","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b2d1def33d78e3207796f6322efe400f5518bd74ea4d109295ae17f310208064","sha256:0449ad1d8411857965d61d3ce18ba271de81236492b37dfea9e42a973b8e0290"],"state_sha256":"fbd0ce716c4580529135cfd767ab3110273eab1af0620da52d12800476de670e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hc99CJQqWap2EouSIIZux9GMPEtfoGdh2Ng7TnW3vynHvRke3S8OKyxBiMHCnueJ8xWeDT3pBGsOJjgm4Cw9Bw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:42:05.347936Z","bundle_sha256":"ff524a2299d5262414367bc4c4935bcf145cbf14e25dfdcb8cf66327f25e17c3"}}