{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:O34MDJLXF74XVYLBLMPOWXAE7S","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"814eed7fd071a273cb16af205209a964d9e6339d33eda2e83a9790662722d771","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph","physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-09-16T15:35:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b1202c1fe1d124434b87d6ddd564e3d8d517d20a24dd2df2c3697c4eb42ec47"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.09024","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.09024","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.09024v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.09024","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"O34MDJLXF74X","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"O34MDJLXF74XVYLB","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"O34MDJLX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c7d78fd0dbef282d96c56a5993aac0e3397befc884dfdcb4090e4b169bdea6b2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.09024/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"There are different strategies for training neural networks (NNs) as subgrid-scale parameterizations. Here, we use a 1D model of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and gravity wave (GW) parameterizations as testbeds. A 12-layer convolutional NN that predicts GW forcings for given wind profiles, when trained offline in a big-data regime (100-years), produces realistic QBOs once coupled to the 1D model. In contrast, offline training of this NN in a small-data regime (18-months) yields unrealistic QBOs. However, online re-training of just two layers of this NN using ensemble Kalman inversion an","authors_text":"Hamid A. Pahlavan, M. Joan Alexander, Pedram Hassanzadeh","cross_cats":["physics.comp-ph","physics.data-an"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-09-16T15:35:26Z","title":"Explainable Offline-Online Training of Neural Networks for Parameterizations: A 1D Gravity Wave-QBO Testbed in the Small-data Regime"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.09024","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3c7e2bb5aae0387067f52af65679610c5281e37cc376802b02fa049e7ffe3bd1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"814eed7fd071a273cb16af205209a964d9e6339d33eda2e83a9790662722d771","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph","physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-09-16T15:35:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b1202c1fe1d124434b87d6ddd564e3d8d517d20a24dd2df2c3697c4eb42ec47"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.09024","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"76f8c1a5772ff97ae1615b1eeb5c04fc953f2e39da48d993a6d241bd922b5e01","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"76f8c1a5772ff97ae1615b1eeb5c04fc953f2e39da48d993a6d241bd922b5e01","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09.808542Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09.808542Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"txA/KBqXC4sL6t4DNo/cH+OaAugaajOyigLCtkbyW1eKv9XvP10GFt+uPkSErrwLio13WhUe5PgSpEFgJQRjAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:44:09.808966Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.09024","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3c7e2bb5aae0387067f52af65679610c5281e37cc376802b02fa049e7ffe3bd1","sha256:c7d78fd0dbef282d96c56a5993aac0e3397befc884dfdcb4090e4b169bdea6b2"],"state_sha256":"168c42a377ccce4547c854c4ce55c048e849811d357f192a6c361fc9e217e277"}