{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY","short_pith_number":"pith:O4VMYSY5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"c4f4b9406b8d635fcbbecb2ccbe02aa86ef075e6fbd0a0ab567d7762086c94fc","abstract_canon_sha256":"590144739eedc2bf281e7a71560e1a1f44550742c519b3ac2bffca542f1c66b8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"772acc4b1dac56c6d921d99ab1b612563230d496f1062d6002ba4ede745d51e6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1808.09004","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1808.09004","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1808.09004v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1808.09004","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5VRLM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"c4f4b9406b8d635fcbbecb2ccbe02aa86ef075e6fbd0a0ab567d7762086c94fc","abstract_canon_sha256":"590144739eedc2bf281e7a71560e1a1f44550742c519b3ac2bffca542f1c66b8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"772acc4b1dac56c6d921d99ab1b612563230d496f1062d6002ba4ede745d51e6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.917140Z","signature_b64":"izoKTOlpQ4bmQGe4GbL/7GMluhRr5vRUmn0rd8OcXeouT7E93xIkT3u6frNQqBDUNvbn3/70iRLjQxNJBdL4Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"772acc4b1dac56c6d921d99ab1b612563230d496f1062d6002ba4ede745d51e6","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.916459Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.916459Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1808.09004","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rLptbXCHukUe5DDxnlZnAZScsfZtfpifaFUQ01RHsGuAMEIYNT6nYtkjQiFbmBNM/zTpvdskjPcq7OnuAZmOCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T18:22:42.197843Z"},"content_sha256":"df5d35853a1bdbdccc77c396124aa0f149f042d85bb31ef33f612fe60bbe766b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:df5d35853a1bdbdccc77c396124aa0f149f042d85bb31ef33f612fe60bbe766b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Downstream Effects of Affirmative Action","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"primary_cat":"cs.GT","authors_text":"Aaron Roth, Juba Ziani, Sampath Kannan","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"We study a two-stage model, in which students are 1) admitted to college on the basis of an entrance exam which is a noisy signal about their qualifications (type), and then 2) those students who were admitted to college can be hired by an employer as a function of their college grades, which are an independently drawn noisy signal of their type. Students are drawn from one of two populations, which might have different type distributions. We assume that the employer at the end of the pipeline is rational, in the sense that it computes a posterior distribution on student type conditional on al"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WetcmsUpLPuZlyVhHc6y1f5LYV+JzUAg+2MVDkLe1s0+lypk2R8e/Nl3RlBvUZDcnetiyN5aQCFzfh48PVPBDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T18:22:42.198196Z"},"content_sha256":"642a5ebcf826196e760dc069569af2f4e5b2ab1b1dd3d6c00812331c03364adb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:642a5ebcf826196e760dc069569af2f4e5b2ab1b1dd3d6c00812331c03364adb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T18:22:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB3GNLDNQSKY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"590144739eedc2bf281e7a71560e1a1f44550742c519b3ac2bffca542f1c66b8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4f4b9406b8d635fcbbecb2ccbe02aa86ef075e6fbd0a0ab567d7762086c94fc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1808.09004","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1808.09004v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1808.09004","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5VRLM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5VRLMNWJB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"O4VMYSY5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:40Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:642a5ebcf826196e760dc069569af2f4e5b2ab1b1dd3d6c00812331c03364adb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We study a two-stage model, in which students are 1) admitted to college on the basis of an entrance exam which is a noisy signal about their qualifications (type), and then 2) those students who were admitted to college can be hired by an employer as a function of their college grades, which are an independently drawn noisy signal of their type. Students are drawn from one of two populations, which might have different type distributions. We assume that the employer at the end of the pipeline is rational, in the sense that it computes a posterior distribution on student type conditional on al","authors_text":"Aaron Roth, Juba Ziani, Sampath Kannan","cross_cats":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","title":"Downstream Effects of Affirmative Action"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:df5d35853a1bdbdccc77c396124aa0f149f042d85bb31ef33f612fe60bbe766b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"590144739eedc2bf281e7a71560e1a1f44550742c519b3ac2bffca542f1c66b8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-08-27T19:15:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4f4b9406b8d635fcbbecb2ccbe02aa86ef075e6fbd0a0ab567d7762086c94fc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1808.09004","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"772acc4b1dac56c6d921d99ab1b612563230d496f1062d6002ba4ede745d51e6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"772acc4b1dac56c6d921d99ab1b612563230d496f1062d6002ba4ede745d51e6","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.916459Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.916459Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"izoKTOlpQ4bmQGe4GbL/7GMluhRr5vRUmn0rd8OcXeouT7E93xIkT3u6frNQqBDUNvbn3/70iRLjQxNJBdL4Bg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:04.917140Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1808.09004","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:df5d35853a1bdbdccc77c396124aa0f149f042d85bb31ef33f612fe60bbe766b","sha256:642a5ebcf826196e760dc069569af2f4e5b2ab1b1dd3d6c00812331c03364adb"],"state_sha256":"ce94b2abc04b01cd5ad370a3e28f1790e86a14867d5c7384bdb492ab0e0dd487"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QYiMh3euPFnD5vyxcUVDOszoPaML8OHzBTR9RbmirMqFQdTx4N/syEp7B59THnlVHBLeh9IxA/OeXnjIr802AQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T18:22:42.201101Z","bundle_sha256":"ea6c0fd057fa74c25d0b6af65481cfad0904f9ea836d8e8ef79b003678b15121"}}