{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA","short_pith_number":"pith:O6TY3QG3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"8f4d0bc483b16a6ce50ceacc961a1affe48db096579006803737378533074866","abstract_canon_sha256":"0466a6da5a773950c3459e2c1a57012e2a17df2e9b709ea26507eb8f761dd325"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"77a78dc0db6a4ecf1a7581fbb3d200a824352b9a88ad39f11c41c92230c8c2cf","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2504.16137","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2504.16137","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2504.16137v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.16137","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3NJHM","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTV","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"8f4d0bc483b16a6ce50ceacc961a1affe48db096579006803737378533074866","abstract_canon_sha256":"0466a6da5a773950c3459e2c1a57012e2a17df2e9b709ea26507eb8f761dd325"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"77a78dc0db6a4ecf1a7581fbb3d200a824352b9a88ad39f11c41c92230c8c2cf","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.877284Z","signature_b64":"eBjpcPji7K0Dh1dUH4nVY6dARjRfykMe7Nz3IphXmv7rd1egF9TFI4A0WQZRoEJr5/Xydkybt6h7n88Qm9zeDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"77a78dc0db6a4ecf1a7581fbb3d200a824352b9a88ad39f11c41c92230c8c2cf","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.876813Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.876813Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2504.16137","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OvU4uVwha7OsOsS57zvYJt4xBgl49XhwWVisA9R33bzTCRSrAsw0vZVE3twdoyaM3fQJaZd56rEeNYRExLeEAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T14:56:56.762349Z"},"content_sha256":"a09f360651cc62964cdc313b78791a5b33a47b3a22e20da5d1b5ce2768a32058","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a09f360651cc62964cdc313b78791a5b33a47b3a22e20da5d1b5ce2768a32058"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Dan Hendrycks, Jasper G\\\"otting, Jon G Sanders, Karam Elabd, Lennart Justen, Long Phan, Nathaniel Li, Pedro Medeiros, Seth Donoughe","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present the Virology Capabilities Test (VCT), a large language model (LLM) benchmark that measures the capability to troubleshoot complex virology laboratory protocols. Constructed from the inputs of dozens of PhD-level expert virologists, VCT consists of $322$ multimodal questions covering fundamental, tacit, and visual knowledge that is essential for practical work in virology laboratories. VCT is difficult: expert virologists with access to the internet score an average of $22.1\\%$ on questions specifically in their sub-areas of expertise. However, the most performant LLM, OpenAI's o3, r"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2504.16137/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JK5uNtmHcEU1jMj7kaYSolB1O8DdJwc10XV5rhStphLOqX4bmzgrvfkTnkxHKiFzuQvSucKADNG481+/CawFDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T14:56:56.762870Z"},"content_sha256":"267af5a31fe6cbf6d6d89507f74a5cb9b065dddf0b54f801062fe697ebb23df4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:267af5a31fe6cbf6d6d89507f74a5cb9b065dddf0b54f801062fe697ebb23df4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T14:56:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTVQH53HUQAVA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0466a6da5a773950c3459e2c1a57012e2a17df2e9b709ea26507eb8f761dd325","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f4d0bc483b16a6ce50ceacc961a1affe48db096579006803737378533074866"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2504.16137","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2504.16137v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.16137","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3NJHM","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3NJHM6GTV","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"O6TY3QG3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:267af5a31fe6cbf6d6d89507f74a5cb9b065dddf0b54f801062fe697ebb23df4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2504.16137/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present the Virology Capabilities Test (VCT), a large language model (LLM) benchmark that measures the capability to troubleshoot complex virology laboratory protocols. Constructed from the inputs of dozens of PhD-level expert virologists, VCT consists of $322$ multimodal questions covering fundamental, tacit, and visual knowledge that is essential for practical work in virology laboratories. VCT is difficult: expert virologists with access to the internet score an average of $22.1\\%$ on questions specifically in their sub-areas of expertise. However, the most performant LLM, OpenAI's o3, r","authors_text":"Dan Hendrycks, Jasper G\\\"otting, Jon G Sanders, Karam Elabd, Lennart Justen, Long Phan, Nathaniel Li, Pedro Medeiros, Seth Donoughe","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","title":"Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a09f360651cc62964cdc313b78791a5b33a47b3a22e20da5d1b5ce2768a32058","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0466a6da5a773950c3459e2c1a57012e2a17df2e9b709ea26507eb8f761dd325","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T21:04:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f4d0bc483b16a6ce50ceacc961a1affe48db096579006803737378533074866"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2504.16137","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"77a78dc0db6a4ecf1a7581fbb3d200a824352b9a88ad39f11c41c92230c8c2cf","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"77a78dc0db6a4ecf1a7581fbb3d200a824352b9a88ad39f11c41c92230c8c2cf","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.876813Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.876813Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eBjpcPji7K0Dh1dUH4nVY6dARjRfykMe7Nz3IphXmv7rd1egF9TFI4A0WQZRoEJr5/Xydkybt6h7n88Qm9zeDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:55:34.877284Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2504.16137","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a09f360651cc62964cdc313b78791a5b33a47b3a22e20da5d1b5ce2768a32058","sha256:267af5a31fe6cbf6d6d89507f74a5cb9b065dddf0b54f801062fe697ebb23df4"],"state_sha256":"1944e042536a891c8bd713316aa4eb5f7369fab69f390ac9540521fa6d72b70f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eksne4loV4sETHwD0V56bS0q6Gsl0lrX6CGF9e65aK057GltPKtjOSCkVnyxt89PNOBHy9BF6MtKvSw1WXPaBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T14:56:56.766490Z","bundle_sha256":"224e1b7f4e21d3ad7c7912dcb9ad78adfc9f3139894716dff91104e89f6a6998"}}