{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH","short_pith_number":"pith:ODKAU635","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"0eb6e0224329c56cb418f7c6ad6bdd377662feaf7befb6fec2ee6e256d797d8b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c6dc17cfb9662cfb800202baa10e579608b0598eaa5b8e5836cb839d062f69c8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"70d40a7b7d0f783dbe8acd207a939629f79b2bd2c258a845b6ca402fe4468f7d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.04302","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.04302","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.04302v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.04302","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ODKAU635B54D","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ODKAU635B54D3PUK","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ODKAU635","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"0eb6e0224329c56cb418f7c6ad6bdd377662feaf7befb6fec2ee6e256d797d8b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c6dc17cfb9662cfb800202baa10e579608b0598eaa5b8e5836cb839d062f69c8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"70d40a7b7d0f783dbe8acd207a939629f79b2bd2c258a845b6ca402fe4468f7d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827668Z","signature_b64":"MWPJ6vldgX/SSZM161uGrfbbopFhNRiY8RPKZt9fhHyFn/mVBJnwDoGiC3nhW3iIT6k46U67nix/E/Yx04pwBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"70d40a7b7d0f783dbe8acd207a939629f79b2bd2c258a845b6ca402fe4468f7d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827234Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827234Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2004.04302","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"issrinGmzOVPYabuTgNY3FQ4DyvuZ+PCjW7ptSsj33MLdHZYHpx35lhOdGyY+dHYQZU+mgVFzvX60BaZUdYtAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:47:48.466847Z"},"content_sha256":"14d2195139c5e37f53d1fb4fd2e83aaada872c0e1027ac440a2910e58a31021b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:14d2195139c5e37f53d1fb4fd2e83aaada872c0e1027ac440a2910e58a31021b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Hedge Your Bets: Optimizing Long-term Cloud Costs by Mixing VM Purchasing Options","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"David Irwin, Mohammad Hajiesmaili, Noman Bashir, Pradeep Ambati, Prashant Shenoy","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"Cloud platforms offer the same VMs under many purchasing options that specify different costs and time commitments, such as on-demand, reserved, sustained-use, scheduled reserve, transient, and spot block. In general, the stronger the commitment, i.e., longer and less flexible, the lower the price. However, longer and less flexible time commitments can increase cloud costs for users if future workloads cannot utilize the VMs they committed to buying. Large cloud customers often find it challenging to choose the right mix of purchasing options to reduce their long-term costs, while retaining th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.04302/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Doj9BAJxx3Lii9dgNGY4T3HqugJAyRFhYdxsgJCD0/HfajQvwJB0WB/1oQrS4K1acWWpDcQUEmom9WjzLdJcDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:47:48.467782Z"},"content_sha256":"9fd4258e6510a4bbf5c7ec8e5173c38a7b06a3c350712de4195316a5db305f1d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9fd4258e6510a4bbf5c7ec8e5173c38a7b06a3c350712de4195316a5db305f1d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T08:47:48Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ODKAU635B54D3PUKZUQHVE4WFH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c6dc17cfb9662cfb800202baa10e579608b0598eaa5b8e5836cb839d062f69c8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"0eb6e0224329c56cb418f7c6ad6bdd377662feaf7befb6fec2ee6e256d797d8b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.04302","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.04302v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.04302","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ODKAU635B54D","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ODKAU635B54D3PUK","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ODKAU635","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9fd4258e6510a4bbf5c7ec8e5173c38a7b06a3c350712de4195316a5db305f1d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2004.04302/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Cloud platforms offer the same VMs under many purchasing options that specify different costs and time commitments, such as on-demand, reserved, sustained-use, scheduled reserve, transient, and spot block. In general, the stronger the commitment, i.e., longer and less flexible, the lower the price. However, longer and less flexible time commitments can increase cloud costs for users if future workloads cannot utilize the VMs they committed to buying. Large cloud customers often find it challenging to choose the right mix of purchasing options to reduce their long-term costs, while retaining th","authors_text":"David Irwin, Mohammad Hajiesmaili, Noman Bashir, Pradeep Ambati, Prashant Shenoy","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","title":"Hedge Your Bets: Optimizing Long-term Cloud Costs by Mixing VM Purchasing Options"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:14d2195139c5e37f53d1fb4fd2e83aaada872c0e1027ac440a2910e58a31021b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c6dc17cfb9662cfb800202baa10e579608b0598eaa5b8e5836cb839d062f69c8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-08T23:51:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"0eb6e0224329c56cb418f7c6ad6bdd377662feaf7befb6fec2ee6e256d797d8b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.04302","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"70d40a7b7d0f783dbe8acd207a939629f79b2bd2c258a845b6ca402fe4468f7d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"70d40a7b7d0f783dbe8acd207a939629f79b2bd2c258a845b6ca402fe4468f7d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827234Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827234Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"MWPJ6vldgX/SSZM161uGrfbbopFhNRiY8RPKZt9fhHyFn/mVBJnwDoGiC3nhW3iIT6k46U67nix/E/Yx04pwBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:06.827668Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2004.04302","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:14d2195139c5e37f53d1fb4fd2e83aaada872c0e1027ac440a2910e58a31021b","sha256:9fd4258e6510a4bbf5c7ec8e5173c38a7b06a3c350712de4195316a5db305f1d"],"state_sha256":"c17f3d18880449ee96bd11b37fd5156552d8e77653b511b1fb136d04d2bcc5f4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"G3yxFejUNR4nL1hZEmFXeMTUMTNTvpgKWmLwfV+b2vAPh6mM/MM0Wa9/1c0ilFS9EatCqaS8LgDczEfhsCM8Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:47:48.504645Z","bundle_sha256":"3572ff32638dd8166ed13e2ffbc5d662cec7afb8953d8ffd6e40c31bc8d2ddf6"}}