{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z","short_pith_number":"pith:OE5PSJVT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.hist-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"9ea9c6cf46e883c060915923fb004da3d7fef758543f3409fd1d97fecd72e60b","abstract_canon_sha256":"841a34e5f9435b12682dd67f68ef1265b20fc673c6d4cec8db11e06bbe750040"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"713af926b364fe6d30a15fa97b83ded6558f70edcd8d4343d103d217ae2c5655","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1912.09906","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.09906","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.09906v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.09906","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OE5PSJVTMT7G","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFB","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OE5PSJVT","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.hist-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"9ea9c6cf46e883c060915923fb004da3d7fef758543f3409fd1d97fecd72e60b","abstract_canon_sha256":"841a34e5f9435b12682dd67f68ef1265b20fc673c6d4cec8db11e06bbe750040"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"713af926b364fe6d30a15fa97b83ded6558f70edcd8d4343d103d217ae2c5655","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182571Z","signature_b64":"J+P8c81WjjghqcHxsekQKSoEhW65YJUZDvKd015rMjfl8sbZCjY7+OHJQuBboSPDhXjcd+/VE7L/VAvpcdxyDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"713af926b364fe6d30a15fa97b83ded6558f70edcd8d4343d103d217ae2c5655","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182056Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182056Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1912.09906","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"etFYIDG0GQs8QHmvIYx248xgMxj8LAQkqaUaPHBCT30mnz8YGFXfN4DpqUiqWb9lTHfiQtzo5b/XcP4uTApIAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T06:57:16.857504Z"},"content_sha256":"4fc294f357dc5f1814448947b90e6e39ddccd38b668b66bdf7aaf936ea74a789","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4fc294f357dc5f1814448947b90e6e39ddccd38b668b66bdf7aaf936ea74a789"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Born's rule and measurement","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.hist-ph"],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Arnold Neumaier","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"Born's rule in its conventional textbook form applies to the small class of projective measurements only. It is well-known that a generalization of Born's rule to realistic experiments must be phrased in terms of positive operator valued measures (POVMs). This generalization accounts for things like losses, imperfect measurements, limited detection accuracy, dark detector counts, and the simultaneous measurement of position and momentum. Starting from first principles, this paper gives a self-contained, deductive introduction to quantum measurement and Born's rule, in its generalized form that"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1912.09906/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YT8pIO+cpEr40UOlIdHzlWiYDR0Tknszjdqm5AqoEvtzbHuoUkVGlCz5sAvMZAikspnnuyCgzt9RHRi2+YxwBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T06:57:16.858273Z"},"content_sha256":"355c2fbd421fafa608fbf1809e617473fbdf105cd54f94828a873a6fd868d5f0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:355c2fbd421fafa608fbf1809e617473fbdf105cd54f94828a873a6fd868d5f0"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T06:57:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFBL6UXXA662Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"841a34e5f9435b12682dd67f68ef1265b20fc673c6d4cec8db11e06bbe750040","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.hist-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"9ea9c6cf46e883c060915923fb004da3d7fef758543f3409fd1d97fecd72e60b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.09906","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.09906v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.09906","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OE5PSJVTMT7G","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OE5PSJVTMT7G2MFB","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OE5PSJVT","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:355c2fbd421fafa608fbf1809e617473fbdf105cd54f94828a873a6fd868d5f0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1912.09906/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Born's rule in its conventional textbook form applies to the small class of projective measurements only. It is well-known that a generalization of Born's rule to realistic experiments must be phrased in terms of positive operator valued measures (POVMs). This generalization accounts for things like losses, imperfect measurements, limited detection accuracy, dark detector counts, and the simultaneous measurement of position and momentum. Starting from first principles, this paper gives a self-contained, deductive introduction to quantum measurement and Born's rule, in its generalized form that","authors_text":"Arnold Neumaier","cross_cats":["physics.hist-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","title":"Born's rule and measurement"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4fc294f357dc5f1814448947b90e6e39ddccd38b668b66bdf7aaf936ea74a789","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"841a34e5f9435b12682dd67f68ef1265b20fc673c6d4cec8db11e06bbe750040","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.hist-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2019-12-20T16:09:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"9ea9c6cf46e883c060915923fb004da3d7fef758543f3409fd1d97fecd72e60b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.09906","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"713af926b364fe6d30a15fa97b83ded6558f70edcd8d4343d103d217ae2c5655","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"713af926b364fe6d30a15fa97b83ded6558f70edcd8d4343d103d217ae2c5655","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182056Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182056Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"J+P8c81WjjghqcHxsekQKSoEhW65YJUZDvKd015rMjfl8sbZCjY7+OHJQuBboSPDhXjcd+/VE7L/VAvpcdxyDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:27:39.182571Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1912.09906","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4fc294f357dc5f1814448947b90e6e39ddccd38b668b66bdf7aaf936ea74a789","sha256:355c2fbd421fafa608fbf1809e617473fbdf105cd54f94828a873a6fd868d5f0"],"state_sha256":"d5fb09744243ffae4538f3f73fcf208cf75ae5da78ec4e31d05de8df479ebf9c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ojX5/SCYSHw7mfNHXMsAN22IpFnUidJuhuAqX8EGM37iVirVlgagR9+vB67MWtbExUhQQEDwmjazTHgeJpK4BA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T06:57:16.862544Z","bundle_sha256":"8def141a65e6bcc39285769df8c3d708e833b6fc48ce929673fd0d6d16a12d8d"}}