{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L","short_pith_number":"pith:OEOUKGZO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"20d5513773f0c52df87776baf0d236f6ef8f0248e6b906428c95f9620ccb2603","abstract_canon_sha256":"f2f20edeaf37f1a9d49c771f7c026818f5b3e351dd2a6ad2f27f721761d91780"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"711d451b2e0a3c8cb0f780de88c1bbdacf3da730ac18290fe6539d022f699424","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2111.12161","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.12161","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.12161v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.12161","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OEOUKGZOBI6I","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OEOUKGZO","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"20d5513773f0c52df87776baf0d236f6ef8f0248e6b906428c95f9620ccb2603","abstract_canon_sha256":"f2f20edeaf37f1a9d49c771f7c026818f5b3e351dd2a6ad2f27f721761d91780"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"711d451b2e0a3c8cb0f780de88c1bbdacf3da730ac18290fe6539d022f699424","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.621179Z","signature_b64":"DzcCIPiIV2+cqBSCRkX2bV2HPG3lWmsLeHfCRlyhHuHvbZYLm0rE6SL5KhJ+8aAjj49l9kmEGryqF+yWhDpHAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"711d451b2e0a3c8cb0f780de88c1bbdacf3da730ac18290fe6539d022f699424","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.620705Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.620705Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2111.12161","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"y9Xsol0CBVxvaU1oEkKPQsRPUctegKMTF4Z11fPAOphsLwcA3h2Wg7emcLJiMz9Mq6CHzBvc2jFYdHVroA1XCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:02:30.909494Z"},"content_sha256":"1577d4fce047086b79550f0c5d3598cd34175309a20ecee2b4920383997b7b0b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1577d4fce047086b79550f0c5d3598cd34175309a20ecee2b4920383997b7b0b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Individual Treatment Effects: A Robust Conformal Inference Approach","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Emmanuel J. Cand\\`es, Ying Jin, Zhimei Ren","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose a model-free framework for sensitivity analysis of individual treatment effects (ITEs), building upon ideas from conformal inference. For any unit, our procedure reports the $\\Gamma$-value, a number which quantifies the minimum strength of confounding needed to explain away the evidence for ITE. Our approach rests on the reliable predictive inference of counterfactuals and ITEs in situations where the training data is confounded. Under the marginal sensitivity model of Tan (2006), we characterize the shift between the distribution of the observations and that of the counterfactuals."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2111.12161/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2WkQvWkTscwVVPDiU/fVMCM4C7TfvLW7lJE31J66OKB2vUSYkiAWx6N72/QNo7GiqGKNPc4qTfweZvZ3nsl0Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:02:30.909979Z"},"content_sha256":"5e9a2027fe3e36a276f36bb9a2cf8b3ee10140e92d69765c2d5917e2af36b3ea","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5e9a2027fe3e36a276f36bb9a2cf8b3ee10140e92d69765c2d5917e2af36b3ea"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T03:02:30Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHXQDPIRQN33L","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f2f20edeaf37f1a9d49c771f7c026818f5b3e351dd2a6ad2f27f721761d91780","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"20d5513773f0c52df87776baf0d236f6ef8f0248e6b906428c95f9620ccb2603"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.12161","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.12161v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.12161","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OEOUKGZOBI6I","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OEOUKGZOBI6IZMHX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OEOUKGZO","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5e9a2027fe3e36a276f36bb9a2cf8b3ee10140e92d69765c2d5917e2af36b3ea","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2111.12161/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose a model-free framework for sensitivity analysis of individual treatment effects (ITEs), building upon ideas from conformal inference. For any unit, our procedure reports the $\\Gamma$-value, a number which quantifies the minimum strength of confounding needed to explain away the evidence for ITE. Our approach rests on the reliable predictive inference of counterfactuals and ITEs in situations where the training data is confounded. Under the marginal sensitivity model of Tan (2006), we characterize the shift between the distribution of the observations and that of the counterfactuals.","authors_text":"Emmanuel J. Cand\\`es, Ying Jin, Zhimei Ren","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Individual Treatment Effects: A Robust Conformal Inference Approach"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1577d4fce047086b79550f0c5d3598cd34175309a20ecee2b4920383997b7b0b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f2f20edeaf37f1a9d49c771f7c026818f5b3e351dd2a6ad2f27f721761d91780","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-11-23T21:40:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"20d5513773f0c52df87776baf0d236f6ef8f0248e6b906428c95f9620ccb2603"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.12161","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"711d451b2e0a3c8cb0f780de88c1bbdacf3da730ac18290fe6539d022f699424","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"711d451b2e0a3c8cb0f780de88c1bbdacf3da730ac18290fe6539d022f699424","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.620705Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.620705Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DzcCIPiIV2+cqBSCRkX2bV2HPG3lWmsLeHfCRlyhHuHvbZYLm0rE6SL5KhJ+8aAjj49l9kmEGryqF+yWhDpHAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:17:18.621179Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2111.12161","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1577d4fce047086b79550f0c5d3598cd34175309a20ecee2b4920383997b7b0b","sha256:5e9a2027fe3e36a276f36bb9a2cf8b3ee10140e92d69765c2d5917e2af36b3ea"],"state_sha256":"e461230e6b4159e7859d82183be5986106cf320ac9f1c3e4bd151870e2309008"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"13t7mrqRct2/Lm57A37T++nPn1dh8FF3QnThYr/KjtC5AVm0akepoYab0WdMc3Roah0uQORWiKO2jP3cDU2PAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:02:30.913157Z","bundle_sha256":"9ac8047556161561e8fe5c9914c6086d64ef44fdac0bd5bdc6b8f0c8af76f142"}}