{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW","short_pith_number":"pith:OG42RQ3V","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"title_canon_sha256":"637bac76e934f6bda5e36a23dc1e1fc30c38e4cb2c017613ec26d046543d2c34","abstract_canon_sha256":"0596fa79ceed67d6d7eeeb205f59318ebb3206bdcd39137a685ad97f80e02953"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"71b9a8c375a41281664af12aae5c23adb87c08cae9f38275250a39afacdf89bb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.06917","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.06917","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.06917v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.06917","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OG42RQ3VUQJI","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OG42RQ3V","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"title_canon_sha256":"637bac76e934f6bda5e36a23dc1e1fc30c38e4cb2c017613ec26d046543d2c34","abstract_canon_sha256":"0596fa79ceed67d6d7eeeb205f59318ebb3206bdcd39137a685ad97f80e02953"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"71b9a8c375a41281664af12aae5c23adb87c08cae9f38275250a39afacdf89bb","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947738Z","signature_b64":"Y7YF5LCb16O/vPVm+AT940hWmLNhm1JQVs1JSk4HaFaAcHbzOywZAGpAK0rPjxMKDYQciwjztn49DFilFj9SBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"71b9a8c375a41281664af12aae5c23adb87c08cae9f38275250a39afacdf89bb","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947392Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947392Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.06917","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"icakZQqUXBGysewgtC/LM9goDpx+zFk/AE4dErw7uPY+8bXxouB9HomJoKeIxmOR0TcfCA680pgjHo9dumy/AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T06:40:50.390191Z"},"content_sha256":"4d6f63b51b04073249ba1d2c601761a7f0fcf034f9632b684bc55293affe758a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4d6f63b51b04073249ba1d2c601761a7f0fcf034f9632b684bc55293affe758a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Message Passing for Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Axel Polleres, Javier David Fernandez Garcia, Maarten de Rijke, Michael Cochez, Svitlana Vakulenko","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"Question answering over knowledge graphs (KGQA) has evolved from simple single-fact questions to complex questions that require graph traversal and aggregation. We propose a novel approach for complex KGQA that uses unsupervised message passing, which propagates confidence scores obtained by parsing an input question and matching terms in the knowledge graph to a set of possible answers. First, we identify entity, relationship, and class names mentioned in a natural language question, and map these to their counterparts in the graph. Then, the confidence scores of these mappings propagate thro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.06917/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8w0IFtoP1q6ujdJBbGtMLrtEBuVE1bMTTwKkn3UWTYnqQH20EI1Wq/YfJSARLQjrSEKPe6xukHEkYJjmsxqvBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T06:40:50.391117Z"},"content_sha256":"40c1bcf023139d4a3f9b1a7afcf78650b277137a8046a9b98815723eeeae713c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:40c1bcf023139d4a3f9b1a7afcf78650b277137a8046a9b98815723eeeae713c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T06:40:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK6EVK4XBDVW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0596fa79ceed67d6d7eeeb205f59318ebb3206bdcd39137a685ad97f80e02953","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"637bac76e934f6bda5e36a23dc1e1fc30c38e4cb2c017613ec26d046543d2c34"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.06917","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.06917v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.06917","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OG42RQ3VUQJI","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OG42RQ3VUQJICZSK","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OG42RQ3V","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:40c1bcf023139d4a3f9b1a7afcf78650b277137a8046a9b98815723eeeae713c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.06917/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Question answering over knowledge graphs (KGQA) has evolved from simple single-fact questions to complex questions that require graph traversal and aggregation. We propose a novel approach for complex KGQA that uses unsupervised message passing, which propagates confidence scores obtained by parsing an input question and matching terms in the knowledge graph to a set of possible answers. First, we identify entity, relationship, and class names mentioned in a natural language question, and map these to their counterparts in the graph. Then, the confidence scores of these mappings propagate thro","authors_text":"Axel Polleres, Javier David Fernandez Garcia, Maarten de Rijke, Michael Cochez, Svitlana Vakulenko","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","title":"Message Passing for Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4d6f63b51b04073249ba1d2c601761a7f0fcf034f9632b684bc55293affe758a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0596fa79ceed67d6d7eeeb205f59318ebb3206bdcd39137a685ad97f80e02953","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.IR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-19T16:31:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"637bac76e934f6bda5e36a23dc1e1fc30c38e4cb2c017613ec26d046543d2c34"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.06917","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"71b9a8c375a41281664af12aae5c23adb87c08cae9f38275250a39afacdf89bb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"71b9a8c375a41281664af12aae5c23adb87c08cae9f38275250a39afacdf89bb","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947392Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947392Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Y7YF5LCb16O/vPVm+AT940hWmLNhm1JQVs1JSk4HaFaAcHbzOywZAGpAK0rPjxMKDYQciwjztn49DFilFj9SBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:58:20.947738Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.06917","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4d6f63b51b04073249ba1d2c601761a7f0fcf034f9632b684bc55293affe758a","sha256:40c1bcf023139d4a3f9b1a7afcf78650b277137a8046a9b98815723eeeae713c"],"state_sha256":"11f016730db8a9d3f389a88832ed6dee10f05e649b0e03f80a9dd2cda02fcf41"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oVvIBQlbKszM6pFv4tP3DRtCHUOrYq+Pkfa/0XBh2aJRqU0Qxu9gwZIlTtKqFic7iJ8TX9sWU1GB0mXCEd1ADA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T06:40:50.397117Z","bundle_sha256":"71340e6c1200186995364ad932ec75ecab05b123ed0d2e63d3af0dffac9aa24d"}}