{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W","short_pith_number":"pith:OI3QDIZO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT"],"title_canon_sha256":"aafdbf66f2c70fc06988f392f20ae8cd10733e747ef1b6c046c5cf698461325c","abstract_canon_sha256":"80dad562e5fde4272a674f2db440b0b9f6539694ca7c0b22dcc95d6ff12f97db"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"723701a32e442fb4e6e2b43c16a53dd5900d484bdc215cc3eceb08d12bc6b613","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.01373","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.01373","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.01373v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.01373","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OI3QDIZOIQX3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXC","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OI3QDIZO","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT"],"title_canon_sha256":"aafdbf66f2c70fc06988f392f20ae8cd10733e747ef1b6c046c5cf698461325c","abstract_canon_sha256":"80dad562e5fde4272a674f2db440b0b9f6539694ca7c0b22dcc95d6ff12f97db"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"723701a32e442fb4e6e2b43c16a53dd5900d484bdc215cc3eceb08d12bc6b613","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.073149Z","signature_b64":"9vWbYltxO4L+tcr7pbl+rR16jaFoXlUk5VRnxRQfbvi63AVF2cH7R1siWZ0bk8X484uuRjWzTk/VobC5u1P5AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"723701a32e442fb4e6e2b43c16a53dd5900d484bdc215cc3eceb08d12bc6b613","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.072741Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.072741Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.01373","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"M7TBg9bw9HW/4nSR2glByS/GDAsoITG3Q39DYfxGK0iXa5/O3dSXkM2l1n72FMNzKsaAG//XO+Fl928/slAvCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T22:18:55.941390Z"},"content_sha256":"d517ba65f58ed3c04da8ab1d42ee5e164c6476b2aeebe354d7babd5bb40ec692","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d517ba65f58ed3c04da8ab1d42ee5e164c6476b2aeebe354d7babd5bb40ec692"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"$\\alpha$-Rank: Multi-Agent Evaluation by Evolution","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.GT"],"primary_cat":"cs.MA","authors_text":"Christos Papadimitriou, Georgios Piliouras, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Julien Perolat, Karl Tuyls, Marc Lanctot, Mark Rowland, Remi Munos, Shayegan Omidshafiei, Wojciech M. Czarnecki","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"We introduce $\\alpha$-Rank, a principled evolutionary dynamics methodology for the evaluation and ranking of agents in large-scale multi-agent interactions, grounded in a novel dynamical game-theoretic solution concept called Markov-Conley chains (MCCs). The approach leverages continuous- and discrete-time evolutionary dynamical systems applied to empirical games, and scales tractably in the number of agents, the type of interactions, and the type of empirical games (symmetric and asymmetric). Current models are fundamentally limited in one or more of these dimensions and are not guaranteed to"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1903.01373/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"V9Qo2T8jqKLUDIkc2BP7v+mzD7+CszGRE//Dv4WrNUoSyMfZ92dLFIL6+OXLmby/bzgf84sTD2F5mGt+YHZBAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T22:18:55.942098Z"},"content_sha256":"d8a4a4731b21a4369bf9c68779240579cb66e6a252ab8009cb6530f3501ed80c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d8a4a4731b21a4369bf9c68779240579cb66e6a252ab8009cb6530f3501ed80c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-19T22:18:55Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXCWQ6BNJJ52W","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"80dad562e5fde4272a674f2db440b0b9f6539694ca7c0b22dcc95d6ff12f97db","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"aafdbf66f2c70fc06988f392f20ae8cd10733e747ef1b6c046c5cf698461325c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.01373","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.01373v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.01373","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OI3QDIZOIQX3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OI3QDIZOIQX3JZXC","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OI3QDIZO","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d8a4a4731b21a4369bf9c68779240579cb66e6a252ab8009cb6530f3501ed80c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1903.01373/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We introduce $\\alpha$-Rank, a principled evolutionary dynamics methodology for the evaluation and ranking of agents in large-scale multi-agent interactions, grounded in a novel dynamical game-theoretic solution concept called Markov-Conley chains (MCCs). The approach leverages continuous- and discrete-time evolutionary dynamical systems applied to empirical games, and scales tractably in the number of agents, the type of interactions, and the type of empirical games (symmetric and asymmetric). Current models are fundamentally limited in one or more of these dimensions and are not guaranteed to","authors_text":"Christos Papadimitriou, Georgios Piliouras, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Julien Perolat, Karl Tuyls, Marc Lanctot, Mark Rowland, Remi Munos, Shayegan Omidshafiei, Wojciech M. Czarnecki","cross_cats":["cs.GT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","title":"$\\alpha$-Rank: Multi-Agent Evaluation by Evolution"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d517ba65f58ed3c04da8ab1d42ee5e164c6476b2aeebe354d7babd5bb40ec692","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"80dad562e5fde4272a674f2db440b0b9f6539694ca7c0b22dcc95d6ff12f97db","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2019-03-04T17:13:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"aafdbf66f2c70fc06988f392f20ae8cd10733e747ef1b6c046c5cf698461325c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.01373","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"723701a32e442fb4e6e2b43c16a53dd5900d484bdc215cc3eceb08d12bc6b613","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"723701a32e442fb4e6e2b43c16a53dd5900d484bdc215cc3eceb08d12bc6b613","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.072741Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.072741Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9vWbYltxO4L+tcr7pbl+rR16jaFoXlUk5VRnxRQfbvi63AVF2cH7R1siWZ0bk8X484uuRjWzTk/VobC5u1P5AA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:09:50.073149Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.01373","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d517ba65f58ed3c04da8ab1d42ee5e164c6476b2aeebe354d7babd5bb40ec692","sha256:d8a4a4731b21a4369bf9c68779240579cb66e6a252ab8009cb6530f3501ed80c"],"state_sha256":"2f49c04012d52cfe1ae217b605d1721f2ba7b8ac4b220e6c054dfb78db2966bc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"g15J3+YVFDI0rq7pxRptCzgrU7+vq8SW7VZH9GkvWrHMw5KM/um+inAsD7c9BnPTMJU64Jk8UHH7Ct1t/nsmCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T22:18:55.948318Z","bundle_sha256":"47b5dcfab47d19e26198ae92ecddf5d28a58396c6b905515670ad0f1cc435106"}}