{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM","short_pith_number":"pith:OIGBCFJJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"83b60efe044afee2021c6915165670c224aa347303ee78facbb2891b69641a04","abstract_canon_sha256":"04e961f0f963bfaca56550b4976c451a9029d0f84a77d03fd594f98079f48b93"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"720c1115292c4303487281ac20dc654b00f320d95947021d28e60ea11fe7e0b2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2406.13547","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.13547","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.13547v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.13547","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJFRBQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDS","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"83b60efe044afee2021c6915165670c224aa347303ee78facbb2891b69641a04","abstract_canon_sha256":"04e961f0f963bfaca56550b4976c451a9029d0f84a77d03fd594f98079f48b93"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"720c1115292c4303487281ac20dc654b00f320d95947021d28e60ea11fe7e0b2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204889Z","signature_b64":"NKKDksEGlZ3AHsL5JPYMWJZOnqDvOP5oC91RhGkj86P19UB57YIMz6oB724BugpCkfBaVsYuH0wu+JRCqbiQCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"720c1115292c4303487281ac20dc654b00f320d95947021d28e60ea11fe7e0b2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204404Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204404Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2406.13547","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3yLZRrfEIQUSFOoN9jGt446gCOsGddtItQ0uQ+i/k8eKv2qz1aDzzMKh+XR+7tQuATu/e00PjSGwcrNztuu1Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:06:03.616252Z"},"content_sha256":"50bcb10830d20d6be6da74c6fb59c66bb36826d94a2ab63d6c12a28856ecd021","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:50bcb10830d20d6be6da74c6fb59c66bb36826d94a2ab63d6c12a28856ecd021"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"ModSec-Learn: Boosting ModSecurity with Machine Learning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Andrea Valenza, Battista Biggio, Biagio Montaruli, Christian Scano, Davide Ariu, Davide Balzarotti, Giuseppe Floris, Luca Compagna, Luca Demetrio, Luca Piras","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"ModSecurity is widely recognized as the standard open-source Web Application Firewall (WAF), maintained by the OWASP Foundation. It detects malicious requests by matching them against the Core Rule Set (CRS), identifying well-known attack patterns. Each rule is manually assigned a weight based on the severity of the corresponding attack, and a request is blocked if the sum of the weights of matched rules exceeds a given threshold. However, we argue that this strategy is largely ineffective against web attacks, as detection is only based on heuristics and not customized on the application to pr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2406.13547/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xAtQVFZ6CBAI46IGxSYJ13LSGfl0DXftRyFVP7t0cwSxJEvyrUsaL+Qe7EVx2aQoQJmkkIZWpf3CjP6B+JfcDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:06:03.616645Z"},"content_sha256":"5707aa46471cdd79b32440ce782fa4bcc5f3a0a0b441434654510232565243c5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5707aa46471cdd79b32440ce782fa4bcc5f3a0a0b441434654510232565243c5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-09T02:06:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDSQGWCBXDFJM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"04e961f0f963bfaca56550b4976c451a9029d0f84a77d03fd594f98079f48b93","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"83b60efe044afee2021c6915165670c224aa347303ee78facbb2891b69641a04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.13547","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.13547v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.13547","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJFRBQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJFRBQGSDS","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OIGBCFJJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5707aa46471cdd79b32440ce782fa4bcc5f3a0a0b441434654510232565243c5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2406.13547/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"ModSecurity is widely recognized as the standard open-source Web Application Firewall (WAF), maintained by the OWASP Foundation. It detects malicious requests by matching them against the Core Rule Set (CRS), identifying well-known attack patterns. Each rule is manually assigned a weight based on the severity of the corresponding attack, and a request is blocked if the sum of the weights of matched rules exceeds a given threshold. However, we argue that this strategy is largely ineffective against web attacks, as detection is only based on heuristics and not customized on the application to pr","authors_text":"Andrea Valenza, Battista Biggio, Biagio Montaruli, Christian Scano, Davide Ariu, Davide Balzarotti, Giuseppe Floris, Luca Compagna, Luca Demetrio, Luca Piras","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","title":"ModSec-Learn: Boosting ModSecurity with Machine Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:50bcb10830d20d6be6da74c6fb59c66bb36826d94a2ab63d6c12a28856ecd021","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"04e961f0f963bfaca56550b4976c451a9029d0f84a77d03fd594f98079f48b93","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-06-19T13:32:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"83b60efe044afee2021c6915165670c224aa347303ee78facbb2891b69641a04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.13547","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"720c1115292c4303487281ac20dc654b00f320d95947021d28e60ea11fe7e0b2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"720c1115292c4303487281ac20dc654b00f320d95947021d28e60ea11fe7e0b2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204404Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204404Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NKKDksEGlZ3AHsL5JPYMWJZOnqDvOP5oC91RhGkj86P19UB57YIMz6oB724BugpCkfBaVsYuH0wu+JRCqbiQCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:18.204889Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2406.13547","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:50bcb10830d20d6be6da74c6fb59c66bb36826d94a2ab63d6c12a28856ecd021","sha256:5707aa46471cdd79b32440ce782fa4bcc5f3a0a0b441434654510232565243c5"],"state_sha256":"51869fbed3e21484f22f7a7141bb779102cb205dad5b859d1e4946b27f46cb83"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iX4H3IowobYqqASfkWLswZ0rnAh2DgUg3ByNSbO05jZOiS2dKlLVmh88Hc5CprqmEUqknt5f1h5GIEEV/K/RDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:06:03.618742Z","bundle_sha256":"b85eb52a0b28684f1436b1d9244bc415f3233ff12a78aa96ae7389272bf37b0a"}}