{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3","short_pith_number":"pith:OIHQWSOO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9056ef41ff1080ae756c6b56dd3c45ed7b50cdae82ffd044727dc4124afe1050","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae9bf5506f3b13f4bd3cdef60cc2f6521f602d7dfe6363410a155540510bac0e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"720f0b49cedbea4ab3c991f39001baa6fdca0e909f05a3ea7115d5b693214632","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2005.04842","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.04842","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.04842v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.04842","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO3PVE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9056ef41ff1080ae756c6b56dd3c45ed7b50cdae82ffd044727dc4124afe1050","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae9bf5506f3b13f4bd3cdef60cc2f6521f602d7dfe6363410a155540510bac0e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"720f0b49cedbea4ab3c991f39001baa6fdca0e909f05a3ea7115d5b693214632","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.960190Z","signature_b64":"0I9aNc2nufS0NlinWs4B5WrMLa9wZqY1p0eQSHRdm/8l0HGU0dyi/cMhvUNV9J8aPo4n04AlWPDsTos5Sch/Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"720f0b49cedbea4ab3c991f39001baa6fdca0e909f05a3ea7115d5b693214632","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.959800Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.959800Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2005.04842","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gqc7zXW6pLjKsbFtfKYn2Trf0QTnqdELwu+eDWJMfnTLUkeYmc2NWOOKINy56IJmWe4ASiryvM+/qAkM/37MBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:13:49.681825Z"},"content_sha256":"e41387564bf3002d523aa98cc5d213f1e60c644d42d0ee4dac1559ba2a9476b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e41387564bf3002d523aa98cc5d213f1e60c644d42d0ee4dac1559ba2a9476b9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Contra-*: Mechanisms for Countering Spam Attacks on Blockchain's Memory Pools","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"DaeHun Nyang, David Mohaisen, Joongheon Kim, Muhammad Saad","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, have seen on the rise in their popularity and value, making them a target to several forms of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, and calling for a better understanding of their attack surface from both security and distributed systems standpoints. In this paper, and in the pursuit of understanding the attack surface of blockchains, we explore a new form of attack that can be carried out on the memory pools (mempools) and mainly targets blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. We study this attack on Bitcoin mempool and explore the attack effects on t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2005.04842/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"GfwbMMw9pGN+ttKbWnIwiY1tyx6ORqf20F6qZF6TKvXx32s61gEYTU6RdUC8/gQugMieUljC7H53w2MvrBklBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:13:49.682426Z"},"content_sha256":"af1874136b98f3492623952cf0f9da074f484eba32e80f6e24222003aa31820e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:af1874136b98f3492623952cf0f9da074f484eba32e80f6e24222003aa31820e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T07:13:49Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6JSHZZAAN2U3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae9bf5506f3b13f4bd3cdef60cc2f6521f602d7dfe6363410a155540510bac0e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"9056ef41ff1080ae756c6b56dd3c45ed7b50cdae82ffd044727dc4124afe1050"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.04842","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.04842v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.04842","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO3PVE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO3PVEVM6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OIHQWSOO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:af1874136b98f3492623952cf0f9da074f484eba32e80f6e24222003aa31820e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2005.04842/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, have seen on the rise in their popularity and value, making them a target to several forms of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, and calling for a better understanding of their attack surface from both security and distributed systems standpoints. In this paper, and in the pursuit of understanding the attack surface of blockchains, we explore a new form of attack that can be carried out on the memory pools (mempools) and mainly targets blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. We study this attack on Bitcoin mempool and explore the attack effects on t","authors_text":"DaeHun Nyang, David Mohaisen, Joongheon Kim, Muhammad Saad","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","title":"Contra-*: Mechanisms for Countering Spam Attacks on Blockchain's Memory Pools"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e41387564bf3002d523aa98cc5d213f1e60c644d42d0ee4dac1559ba2a9476b9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae9bf5506f3b13f4bd3cdef60cc2f6521f602d7dfe6363410a155540510bac0e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-05-11T02:55:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"9056ef41ff1080ae756c6b56dd3c45ed7b50cdae82ffd044727dc4124afe1050"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.04842","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"720f0b49cedbea4ab3c991f39001baa6fdca0e909f05a3ea7115d5b693214632","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"720f0b49cedbea4ab3c991f39001baa6fdca0e909f05a3ea7115d5b693214632","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.959800Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.959800Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0I9aNc2nufS0NlinWs4B5WrMLa9wZqY1p0eQSHRdm/8l0HGU0dyi/cMhvUNV9J8aPo4n04AlWPDsTos5Sch/Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:06.960190Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2005.04842","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e41387564bf3002d523aa98cc5d213f1e60c644d42d0ee4dac1559ba2a9476b9","sha256:af1874136b98f3492623952cf0f9da074f484eba32e80f6e24222003aa31820e"],"state_sha256":"453ab3995633a5d23e21ed0f006bb4e3b5e71b5d8bf5fdd41eb6cdb88a7edbd9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4AVLibeao0FG2y2xSlDYBqpUnyrlZAF00wLwiTaVHA5OqYsvdZHS+eeatA4phDRP/JSrNXFmQWR0A/+8dYdtCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:13:49.686545Z","bundle_sha256":"cc5376fcc76921cfa74defa8c3346f54d160d1f88ccac48bcbfccb728ddb5ba2"}}