{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:OJIBWRFPHAIXMZIJV7GRV3Q4VQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9a24baa90f06a143b286fa65f23406010becee96082a079f90ddd06764cc5064","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2025-06-11T16:32:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f7a0f343306fafc1a9623b73d7ab9b35c75f18e74f19ac95f32ec32d25c8419"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.09915","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.09915","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.09915v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.09915","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OJIBWRFPHAIX","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OJIBWRFPHAIXMZIJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OJIBWRFP","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5cd8deb8c61348dda2a7a4896ef2852cda9598b8378a262cfe364f1726124a2d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2506.09915/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Conformity with Benford's Law is widely used to detect irregularities in numerical datasets, particularly in accounting, finance, and economics. However, the statistical tools commonly used for this purpose (such as Chi-squared, MAD, or KS) suffer from three key limitations: sensitivity to sample size, lack of interpretability of their scale, and the absence of a common metric that allows for comparison across different statistics. This paper introduces the Equivalent Contamination Proportion (ECP) to address these issues. Defined as the proportion of contamination in a hypothetical Benford-co","authors_text":"Manuel Cano-Rodriguez","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2025-06-11T16:32:03Z","title":"How much is too much? Measuring divergence from Benford's Law with the Equivalent Contamination Proportion (ECP)"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.09915","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2258f1ae39e085b9fa347afafee5c34116f34aea66bc72f2d0354bcd3e39a2a3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9a24baa90f06a143b286fa65f23406010becee96082a079f90ddd06764cc5064","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2025-06-11T16:32:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f7a0f343306fafc1a9623b73d7ab9b35c75f18e74f19ac95f32ec32d25c8419"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.09915","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"72501b44af3811766509afcd1aee1cac3db75a30482a975339175961fa8f0b1c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"72501b44af3811766509afcd1aee1cac3db75a30482a975339175961fa8f0b1c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49.513538Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49.513538Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"OZWhCLEZo3g+Kzeh8QPuRa8+zTAnYAaJUBaVtcqKnXSUZn4fNtSeb/qwE03E8vc3R9gGdMif8tE6NPBzp5zaDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:21:49.513901Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2506.09915","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2258f1ae39e085b9fa347afafee5c34116f34aea66bc72f2d0354bcd3e39a2a3","sha256:5cd8deb8c61348dda2a7a4896ef2852cda9598b8378a262cfe364f1726124a2d"],"state_sha256":"7761fcad0d8d9fd496f03a5640e60747f669cc2934f2e7c47c052a6149e1dbef"}