{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT","short_pith_number":"pith:OK6XZNKA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bcc7846180e5972314bb6a7c96c41b0672e54a7bfda3746f2baa789d6408c99b","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8cba9248035ddd558dfc115ea7ffadaed4434915c53faa2573fd563b4989917"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"72bd7cb54030ccdc06f147e7a42a8164cee1130a5612d881ec21bb9065477e53","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1905.00272","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1905.00272","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1905.00272v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1905.00272","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OK6XZNKAGDGN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OK6XZNKA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bcc7846180e5972314bb6a7c96c41b0672e54a7bfda3746f2baa789d6408c99b","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8cba9248035ddd558dfc115ea7ffadaed4434915c53faa2573fd563b4989917"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"72bd7cb54030ccdc06f147e7a42a8164cee1130a5612d881ec21bb9065477e53","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292615Z","signature_b64":"NbGSoVntQFhHS5wOmMWhVWUMiPoS2c1kgE7gkVjp1R3XZqyMp6wRsl24ZrR+0V1zG42Xs5b9F4e1I7nWwupiCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"72bd7cb54030ccdc06f147e7a42a8164cee1130a5612d881ec21bb9065477e53","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292162Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292162Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1905.00272","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nDBVgOSQ1WUHfjwpgnVqcNNdxaSP2ZzuJAsYKVxa5UPnyVOSYiQPTz4fe1afI6yCwhYgyT+HRBKm0vd1G2ugDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:20:14.511846Z"},"content_sha256":"6001f4531a30b01fae3438b5881187b8dc26e45af9ec8dc911b15d4cb1429f65","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6001f4531a30b01fae3438b5881187b8dc26e45af9ec8dc911b15d4cb1429f65"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Characterizing Code Clones in the Ethereum Smart Contract Ecosystem","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Haoyu Wang, Lei Wu, Ningyu He, Xuxian Jiang, Yao Guo","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we present the first large-scale and systematic study to characterize the code reuse practice in the Ethereum smart contract ecosystem. We first performed a detailed similarity comparison study on a dataset of 10 million contracts we had harvested, and then we further conducted a qualitative analysis to characterize the diversity of the ecosystem, understand the correlation between code reuse and vulnerabilities, and detect the plagiarist DApps. Our analysis revealed that over 96% of the contracts had duplicates, while a large number of them were similar, which suggests that the"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QajDbhkporlfYpudkLYOAyxfyAE9BDwmXk3w6CEXeGwjJMi4/2Lcewkn4HddfarO1Zbnx11MJUi0WMVGHl6bDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:20:14.512255Z"},"content_sha256":"f4b910a123efeea147c5cca22a99a9a885a79be278cbefc3fd37e0ec2c4b6171","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f4b910a123efeea147c5cca22a99a9a885a79be278cbefc3fd37e0ec2c4b6171"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T11:20:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXRI7T2IKUBMT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8cba9248035ddd558dfc115ea7ffadaed4434915c53faa2573fd563b4989917","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"bcc7846180e5972314bb6a7c96c41b0672e54a7bfda3746f2baa789d6408c99b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1905.00272","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1905.00272v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1905.00272","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OK6XZNKAGDGN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OK6XZNKAGDGNYBXR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OK6XZNKA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f4b910a123efeea147c5cca22a99a9a885a79be278cbefc3fd37e0ec2c4b6171","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we present the first large-scale and systematic study to characterize the code reuse practice in the Ethereum smart contract ecosystem. We first performed a detailed similarity comparison study on a dataset of 10 million contracts we had harvested, and then we further conducted a qualitative analysis to characterize the diversity of the ecosystem, understand the correlation between code reuse and vulnerabilities, and detect the plagiarist DApps. Our analysis revealed that over 96% of the contracts had duplicates, while a large number of them were similar, which suggests that the","authors_text":"Haoyu Wang, Lei Wu, Ningyu He, Xuxian Jiang, Yao Guo","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","title":"Characterizing Code Clones in the Ethereum Smart Contract Ecosystem"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6001f4531a30b01fae3438b5881187b8dc26e45af9ec8dc911b15d4cb1429f65","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8cba9248035ddd558dfc115ea7ffadaed4434915c53faa2573fd563b4989917","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-05-01T11:35:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"bcc7846180e5972314bb6a7c96c41b0672e54a7bfda3746f2baa789d6408c99b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1905.00272","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"72bd7cb54030ccdc06f147e7a42a8164cee1130a5612d881ec21bb9065477e53","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"72bd7cb54030ccdc06f147e7a42a8164cee1130a5612d881ec21bb9065477e53","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292162Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292162Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NbGSoVntQFhHS5wOmMWhVWUMiPoS2c1kgE7gkVjp1R3XZqyMp6wRsl24ZrR+0V1zG42Xs5b9F4e1I7nWwupiCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:13.292615Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1905.00272","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6001f4531a30b01fae3438b5881187b8dc26e45af9ec8dc911b15d4cb1429f65","sha256:f4b910a123efeea147c5cca22a99a9a885a79be278cbefc3fd37e0ec2c4b6171"],"state_sha256":"274e8e8ab6a803b5a0a4157c506d450999d3aa051fe3ff51201bf791c86836d5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+tGNOM3/MScNpUSIzzRWCkRtYe49Nor20YjZcbZOQjUichVETceTxcteRRHXPnzRwDekLop/SnlAI4vrf9skAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:20:14.514756Z","bundle_sha256":"93cf70a44b04c50977cfe62326431f0396bd4e7e2ac3be5b40460517c6ce6871"}}