{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC","short_pith_number":"pith:OMSSM2QR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"76617c20eed49a777615aac71416f55690169c44e2bd31864b1e78ac07266a67","abstract_canon_sha256":"296cd0f95b2c6609430c5dee7163a057729c0f51dd557a18147c00ea925eadb4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7325266a11477d35da3f4068a57b100096b265c04a0703e59fcf965f81c6d86e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2406.17971","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.17971","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.17971v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.17971","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OMSSM2QRI56T","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OMSSM2QR","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"76617c20eed49a777615aac71416f55690169c44e2bd31864b1e78ac07266a67","abstract_canon_sha256":"296cd0f95b2c6609430c5dee7163a057729c0f51dd557a18147c00ea925eadb4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7325266a11477d35da3f4068a57b100096b265c04a0703e59fcf965f81c6d86e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.721053Z","signature_b64":"jzocbiMkM3Rq7F+txRuCyNNBulMJwNsUDsLS46KIEEIfHcKupX2l+SKd9Egk/h5skWZJNblJ1lzmJSQ1pF23Dg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7325266a11477d35da3f4068a57b100096b265c04a0703e59fcf965f81c6d86e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.720561Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.720561Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2406.17971","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UiVhPa6vqp4KNAdK74UdNXLIfYQNmzaFN/6wVjHPzxatZvr2sKzfR1vinVbZQUf4X1PtWAgvFOux67k/IKd2AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T15:47:53.937433Z"},"content_sha256":"661ac6234aa058811a552aa09b8aaef5fd28575599034c3fd5e1bc589bb9e9d4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:661ac6234aa058811a552aa09b8aaef5fd28575599034c3fd5e1bc589bb9e9d4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Robust integration of external control data in randomized trials","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Guanbo Wang, Issa J. Dahabreh, Jesse H. Krijthe, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Rickard Karlsson","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"One approach for increasing the efficiency of randomized trials is the use of \"external controls\" -- individuals who received the control treatment studied in the trial during routine practice or in prior experimental studies. Existing external control methods, however, can be biased if the populations underlying the trial and the external control data are not exchangeable. Here, we characterize a randomization-aware class of treatment effect estimators in the population underlying the trial that remain consistent and asymptotically normal when using external control data, even when exchangeab"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2406.17971/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"izXEGRjfocvkW+rcvoL2BFcyrsl0Vw5cVyPZpKeBTkX1cweoAQ8yJKAoxlTuL64BaOGp+GtVW4MVxbFw4iWBAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T15:47:53.937806Z"},"content_sha256":"f12155b489b4251d2e471cf06078fb9f1273f263c50ca39bb4f6b1b1f45099c1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f12155b489b4251d2e471cf06078fb9f1273f263c50ca39bb4f6b1b1f45099c1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T15:47:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7IBUKK6YQAC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"296cd0f95b2c6609430c5dee7163a057729c0f51dd557a18147c00ea925eadb4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"76617c20eed49a777615aac71416f55690169c44e2bd31864b1e78ac07266a67"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.17971","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.17971v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.17971","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OMSSM2QRI56T","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OMSSM2QRI56TLWR7","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OMSSM2QR","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f12155b489b4251d2e471cf06078fb9f1273f263c50ca39bb4f6b1b1f45099c1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2406.17971/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"One approach for increasing the efficiency of randomized trials is the use of \"external controls\" -- individuals who received the control treatment studied in the trial during routine practice or in prior experimental studies. Existing external control methods, however, can be biased if the populations underlying the trial and the external control data are not exchangeable. Here, we characterize a randomization-aware class of treatment effect estimators in the population underlying the trial that remain consistent and asymptotically normal when using external control data, even when exchangeab","authors_text":"Guanbo Wang, Issa J. Dahabreh, Jesse H. Krijthe, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Rickard Karlsson","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","title":"Robust integration of external control data in randomized trials"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:661ac6234aa058811a552aa09b8aaef5fd28575599034c3fd5e1bc589bb9e9d4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"296cd0f95b2c6609430c5dee7163a057729c0f51dd557a18147c00ea925eadb4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-06-25T23:07:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"76617c20eed49a777615aac71416f55690169c44e2bd31864b1e78ac07266a67"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.17971","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"7325266a11477d35da3f4068a57b100096b265c04a0703e59fcf965f81c6d86e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7325266a11477d35da3f4068a57b100096b265c04a0703e59fcf965f81c6d86e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.720561Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.720561Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jzocbiMkM3Rq7F+txRuCyNNBulMJwNsUDsLS46KIEEIfHcKupX2l+SKd9Egk/h5skWZJNblJ1lzmJSQ1pF23Dg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:45.721053Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2406.17971","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:661ac6234aa058811a552aa09b8aaef5fd28575599034c3fd5e1bc589bb9e9d4","sha256:f12155b489b4251d2e471cf06078fb9f1273f263c50ca39bb4f6b1b1f45099c1"],"state_sha256":"60fa943b1fcea10f7c5dc49fbb273a36ecd0c4f0023263cdb854df07aeb315c9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RbSB3Arqf8CP0UIw9a1Taax4+gy2SQgEX+1NLqhVadijBLbfe+HRJSuyb/8Z5N7Nsv8RWvCW5Pcn5UBqeGSxDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T15:47:53.939793Z","bundle_sha256":"965c29277271431f93092291facdc90c6a19254c9b5296fdc810059dd887b7e9"}}