{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3","short_pith_number":"pith:OOSBYBIJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"d9c7e18f442b8a7cbc28f891123e51acd3de2c628c2f6d7ef478cb67301ab210","abstract_canon_sha256":"58bb2b475de5b5c6ffde795f276e871ee773b1d5eebc599de4e6b84604a91fe6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"73a41c0509e8b69d1082226c7415d026e86f44f55ec47106894cb1184d184154","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2601.14300","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.14300","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.14300v3","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.14300","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ5C3J","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EEC","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"d9c7e18f442b8a7cbc28f891123e51acd3de2c628c2f6d7ef478cb67301ab210","abstract_canon_sha256":"58bb2b475de5b5c6ffde795f276e871ee773b1d5eebc599de4e6b84604a91fe6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"73a41c0509e8b69d1082226c7415d026e86f44f55ec47106894cb1184d184154","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.167060Z","signature_b64":"iWCW1IFpPEcvrsYf0Ba8uL16yNVlac6l+yjTg5jFVyIQZOyg8dWCaRmibRtKo3bd50JZy100vWj0uDUsu6a7DA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"73a41c0509e8b69d1082226c7415d026e86f44f55ec47106894cb1184d184154","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.166305Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.166305Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2601.14300","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gmZlDoFMeRAZk7ZcMcpaKkFaKky14/jS1aKXPAH2ntlC+PH9uC8FUIvhjaqpTdb2E9IZG3A7jMrmfs66t7F0BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:20:21.179988Z"},"content_sha256":"3d0d2d0a0ee4aabc650e671f4139c86dd83fa8ef3486386bd8534cd788b7c1df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3d0d2d0a0ee4aabc650e671f4139c86dd83fa8ef3486386bd8534cd788b7c1df"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Low-Cost Hard-Label Adversarial Attack with Theoretical Foundations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Fengpeng Li, Isao Echizen, Jiantao Zhou, Jun Liu, Leo Yu Zhang","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Hard-label black-box attacks, relying solely on top-1 predictions, represent one of the most challenging yet practically threat models. Despite recent progress, existing approaches face two key limitations: (1) they overlook the critical role of initialization, focusing primarily on optimization strategies; and (2) they rely heavily on empirical heuristics without theoretical guarantees. To bridge this gap, we establish a unified theoretical framework showing that existing sign-flipping hard-label attacks can be understood as approximating the true gradient sign. Guided by this principled anal"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2601.14300/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J6gr726Ny0X7b2nz/pBy5ZbDy00SeVhE8Lbj3Z3b700xPewOrskaNjxudjVH0y1iTs0eTJjk7Q1Tf1n8X41WCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:20:21.180753Z"},"content_sha256":"b87aa7a90139a8234b030221a6a3099f364db82e869207e0981a52b8cddee91d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b87aa7a90139a8234b030221a6a3099f364db82e869207e0981a52b8cddee91d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T21:20:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EECEJWHIFOQE3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"58bb2b475de5b5c6ffde795f276e871ee773b1d5eebc599de4e6b84604a91fe6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"d9c7e18f442b8a7cbc28f891123e51acd3de2c628c2f6d7ef478cb67301ab210"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.14300","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.14300v3","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.14300","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ5C3J","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ5C3J2EEC","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OOSBYBIJ","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b87aa7a90139a8234b030221a6a3099f364db82e869207e0981a52b8cddee91d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2601.14300/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Hard-label black-box attacks, relying solely on top-1 predictions, represent one of the most challenging yet practically threat models. Despite recent progress, existing approaches face two key limitations: (1) they overlook the critical role of initialization, focusing primarily on optimization strategies; and (2) they rely heavily on empirical heuristics without theoretical guarantees. To bridge this gap, we establish a unified theoretical framework showing that existing sign-flipping hard-label attacks can be understood as approximating the true gradient sign. Guided by this principled anal","authors_text":"Fengpeng Li, Isao Echizen, Jiantao Zhou, Jun Liu, Leo Yu Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","title":"Low-Cost Hard-Label Adversarial Attack with Theoretical Foundations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3d0d2d0a0ee4aabc650e671f4139c86dd83fa8ef3486386bd8534cd788b7c1df","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"58bb2b475de5b5c6ffde795f276e871ee773b1d5eebc599de4e6b84604a91fe6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-01-17T02:47:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"d9c7e18f442b8a7cbc28f891123e51acd3de2c628c2f6d7ef478cb67301ab210"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.14300","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"73a41c0509e8b69d1082226c7415d026e86f44f55ec47106894cb1184d184154","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"73a41c0509e8b69d1082226c7415d026e86f44f55ec47106894cb1184d184154","first_computed_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.166305Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.166305Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"iWCW1IFpPEcvrsYf0Ba8uL16yNVlac6l+yjTg5jFVyIQZOyg8dWCaRmibRtKo3bd50JZy100vWj0uDUsu6a7DA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-25T02:01:12.167060Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2601.14300","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3d0d2d0a0ee4aabc650e671f4139c86dd83fa8ef3486386bd8534cd788b7c1df","sha256:b87aa7a90139a8234b030221a6a3099f364db82e869207e0981a52b8cddee91d"],"state_sha256":"5baf1f60f51fd5b63d84ac3400ed54c298021f2442a7cb2ba1b5f8379b9b9baa"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"a2rP+i1RgOEBF1cjnIJp9lZToIs7lH40PFyYWcyIZjM32/g737FhKCYiePu1FOni3CZJZEFuG9K3LzaAqAvACA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:20:21.184819Z","bundle_sha256":"a97e12a87595289f3e3b15c56eb5301883b32a8634ae2d790cf8cb9fd9eab5a6"}}