{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6","short_pith_number":"pith:OQGOUQDG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"994213cebd7294bd8968c5f5b3ebfb15a33275448d154875aa6c2ebc09d4fa64","abstract_canon_sha256":"77c67d4163ba60b08ba9a1c535610944137bd9949a732502e2d4af831ec3f675"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"740cea40668b2bbd6ac44ae1dd60539f9594e3644902da9a46604ee4397303b5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.06613","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06613","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06613v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06613","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OQGOUQDGRMV3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OQGOUQDGRMV322WE","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OQGOUQDG","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"994213cebd7294bd8968c5f5b3ebfb15a33275448d154875aa6c2ebc09d4fa64","abstract_canon_sha256":"77c67d4163ba60b08ba9a1c535610944137bd9949a732502e2d4af831ec3f675"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"740cea40668b2bbd6ac44ae1dd60539f9594e3644902da9a46604ee4397303b5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393840Z","signature_b64":"bWQMJEIuSaO8xyvNTZubXE7Vp8rIIipVJ5o795yJS9YxtBOOrN7pT8LwX4pLA4dm83paumptjSkOKYSwFF2rCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"740cea40668b2bbd6ac44ae1dd60539f9594e3644902da9a46604ee4397303b5","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393385Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393385Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2106.06613","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sKReOnPayJIAA+W0yILWoMxdGDM1a7EJ7a41NXGBG3iyc6tpEV0WEO7poGFF5eoy4y1CyjMUj9xhJWVmxwPGDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T16:18:02.948978Z"},"content_sha256":"93dbbedd71cd0870188d8f51e60e39ba3088ee174c50e77c0c2dfd0b1f2f750e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:93dbbedd71cd0870188d8f51e60e39ba3088ee174c50e77c0c2dfd0b1f2f750e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A New Formalism, Method and Open Issues for Zero-Shot Coordination","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Caspar Oesterheld, Jakob Foerster, Johannes Treutlein, Michael Dennis","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"In many coordination problems, independently reasoning humans are able to discover mutually compatible policies. In contrast, independently trained self-play policies are often mutually incompatible. Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) has recently been proposed as a new frontier in multi-agent reinforcement learning to address this fundamental issue. Prior work approaches the ZSC problem by assuming players can agree on a shared learning algorithm but not on labels for actions and observations, and proposes other-play as an optimal solution. However, until now, this \"label-free\" problem has only bee"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06613/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MYX2AG0wioTXs87V9NgQw2EpVTLOCTYphpjeeRFEAw256eaXL7hZ99E0yPKYEwwyGBdqM6jVsos9f+vZGKp5Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T16:18:02.949499Z"},"content_sha256":"e6463cf4a87873220b47fccc576298d02c2b9532fd3f56888a433663fee8e352","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e6463cf4a87873220b47fccc576298d02c2b9532fd3f56888a433663fee8e352"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T16:18:02Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OQGOUQDGRMV322WEJLQ52YCTT6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"77c67d4163ba60b08ba9a1c535610944137bd9949a732502e2d4af831ec3f675","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"994213cebd7294bd8968c5f5b3ebfb15a33275448d154875aa6c2ebc09d4fa64"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06613","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06613v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06613","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OQGOUQDGRMV3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OQGOUQDGRMV322WE","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OQGOUQDG","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e6463cf4a87873220b47fccc576298d02c2b9532fd3f56888a433663fee8e352","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06613/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In many coordination problems, independently reasoning humans are able to discover mutually compatible policies. In contrast, independently trained self-play policies are often mutually incompatible. Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) has recently been proposed as a new frontier in multi-agent reinforcement learning to address this fundamental issue. Prior work approaches the ZSC problem by assuming players can agree on a shared learning algorithm but not on labels for actions and observations, and proposes other-play as an optimal solution. However, until now, this \"label-free\" problem has only bee","authors_text":"Caspar Oesterheld, Jakob Foerster, Johannes Treutlein, Michael Dennis","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","title":"A New Formalism, Method and Open Issues for Zero-Shot Coordination"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:93dbbedd71cd0870188d8f51e60e39ba3088ee174c50e77c0c2dfd0b1f2f750e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"77c67d4163ba60b08ba9a1c535610944137bd9949a732502e2d4af831ec3f675","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T21:06:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"994213cebd7294bd8968c5f5b3ebfb15a33275448d154875aa6c2ebc09d4fa64"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06613","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"740cea40668b2bbd6ac44ae1dd60539f9594e3644902da9a46604ee4397303b5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"740cea40668b2bbd6ac44ae1dd60539f9594e3644902da9a46604ee4397303b5","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393385Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393385Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bWQMJEIuSaO8xyvNTZubXE7Vp8rIIipVJ5o795yJS9YxtBOOrN7pT8LwX4pLA4dm83paumptjSkOKYSwFF2rCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:30:23.393840Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2106.06613","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:93dbbedd71cd0870188d8f51e60e39ba3088ee174c50e77c0c2dfd0b1f2f750e","sha256:e6463cf4a87873220b47fccc576298d02c2b9532fd3f56888a433663fee8e352"],"state_sha256":"5b5f76ebc728fa0051ffaf5f438f36648fdc2a72101da2d7ebb75623fc65e244"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HcLAwzAAX+ihbh5sq4mG0GkYXWStiwIPWZfTkE6MTAUUbDQrhKQ4wZJEAU0Q69b7lxB7nu0+ELIwsrqRmbQuCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T16:18:02.970289Z","bundle_sha256":"6ba20c8f4b917868edd1d64adec7971b61c412298604883efe85905af27a3ea9"}}