{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57","short_pith_number":"pith:OTEUSBXH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"a93b539bf57bb893ef60f9fd884c98ee85a94619f94a730e55e75c3d5956b5bb","abstract_canon_sha256":"de69d7d3dbbebc7eb62d5ea5c37c40a53ac29be06465f0943a4557e504b4cfbf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"74c94906e7e932440ca5f422991e00eff55b44b68716be4fc4a19ef49044cc81","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2506.01814","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.01814","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.01814v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.01814","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH5EZE","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"a93b539bf57bb893ef60f9fd884c98ee85a94619f94a730e55e75c3d5956b5bb","abstract_canon_sha256":"de69d7d3dbbebc7eb62d5ea5c37c40a53ac29be06465f0943a4557e504b4cfbf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"74c94906e7e932440ca5f422991e00eff55b44b68716be4fc4a19ef49044cc81","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785685Z","signature_b64":"LPD+KxWIK0hd0lmlfMtdx063lVXlDc0mnfK9uYPuSenbr+uB1nEzkbnS58nzlxeym6/OlllyGedVtVoEB4t1BQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"74c94906e7e932440ca5f422991e00eff55b44b68716be4fc4a19ef49044cc81","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785183Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785183Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2506.01814","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4hFkIke/epU1wH5RrpePlvG15rfNIrVRo9UdtW1zg5ioaIW5ZPmrpWkbtuOpSSfTaS/o3zCTJZg6noHMUd6GBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T14:16:32.066709Z"},"content_sha256":"3268f11637b8947b103388b547b7e468d92c219a761dca48add077a65e438507","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3268f11637b8947b103388b547b7e468d92c219a761dca48add077a65e438507"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Analysis of LLM Bias (Chinese Propaganda & Anti-US Sentiment) in DeepSeek-R1 vs. ChatGPT o3-mini-high","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ethan Tu, PeiHsuan Huang, Simon Imbot, WenCheng Fu, ZihWei Lin","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) increasingly shape public understanding and civic decisions, yet their ideological neutrality is a growing concern. While existing research has explored various forms of LLM bias, a direct, cross-lingual comparison of models with differing geopolitical alignments-specifically a PRC-system model versus a non-PRC counterpart-has been lacking. This study addresses this gap by systematically evaluating DeepSeek-R1 (PRC-aligned) against ChatGPT o3-mini-high (non-PRC) for Chinese-state propaganda and anti-U.S. sentiment. We developed a novel corpus of 1,200 de-contextual"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2506.01814/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sPmiABMx9S0W3fd3hhwQiHWj2LtlxjLkFyM4aoV99gklyGy+HPL/uB/Q3rbSxCWMRUYFcZudbpXv0gw4eNYDCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T14:16:32.067225Z"},"content_sha256":"04f5944b3a763c7476fef95618144867948a698d291bea46ce9f6233e0f31e20","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:04f5944b3a763c7476fef95618144867948a698d291bea46ce9f6233e0f31e20"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T14:16:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF6QRJSHQA57","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de69d7d3dbbebc7eb62d5ea5c37c40a53ac29be06465f0943a4557e504b4cfbf","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"a93b539bf57bb893ef60f9fd884c98ee85a94619f94a730e55e75c3d5956b5bb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.01814","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.01814v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.01814","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH5EZE","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH5EZEIDFF","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OTEUSBXH","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:04f5944b3a763c7476fef95618144867948a698d291bea46ce9f6233e0f31e20","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2506.01814/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) increasingly shape public understanding and civic decisions, yet their ideological neutrality is a growing concern. While existing research has explored various forms of LLM bias, a direct, cross-lingual comparison of models with differing geopolitical alignments-specifically a PRC-system model versus a non-PRC counterpart-has been lacking. This study addresses this gap by systematically evaluating DeepSeek-R1 (PRC-aligned) against ChatGPT o3-mini-high (non-PRC) for Chinese-state propaganda and anti-U.S. sentiment. We developed a novel corpus of 1,200 de-contextual","authors_text":"Ethan Tu, PeiHsuan Huang, Simon Imbot, WenCheng Fu, ZihWei Lin","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","title":"Analysis of LLM Bias (Chinese Propaganda & Anti-US Sentiment) in DeepSeek-R1 vs. ChatGPT o3-mini-high"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3268f11637b8947b103388b547b7e468d92c219a761dca48add077a65e438507","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de69d7d3dbbebc7eb62d5ea5c37c40a53ac29be06465f0943a4557e504b4cfbf","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T15:54:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"a93b539bf57bb893ef60f9fd884c98ee85a94619f94a730e55e75c3d5956b5bb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.01814","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"74c94906e7e932440ca5f422991e00eff55b44b68716be4fc4a19ef49044cc81","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"74c94906e7e932440ca5f422991e00eff55b44b68716be4fc4a19ef49044cc81","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785183Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785183Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"LPD+KxWIK0hd0lmlfMtdx063lVXlDc0mnfK9uYPuSenbr+uB1nEzkbnS58nzlxeym6/OlllyGedVtVoEB4t1BQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:19.785685Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2506.01814","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3268f11637b8947b103388b547b7e468d92c219a761dca48add077a65e438507","sha256:04f5944b3a763c7476fef95618144867948a698d291bea46ce9f6233e0f31e20"],"state_sha256":"471b26354ce28fa9f7aeeb96a0250df7a5951021e7d941cd0e171735c5842602"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IigBSNAt5X3lQppVwDanPY+WKdH+f20HfUmK9/r3zn9l++GU6NqqA3G5PNRlwnAK7iXAuIwzeTgDYlmvpTO9CA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T14:16:32.072126Z","bundle_sha256":"bf01159ce7b453bd4247666e314579da3ecc28827bf4e40f83ecc1979908b217"}}