{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN","short_pith_number":"pith:OTFELVU7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"95854f951fb1676c7deea6bbcaa203de547b63b24c187430992b6411b312657d","abstract_canon_sha256":"91a8ee80346063cdf7282a4dea9be97734dedcf102bb620c138f9325ad27e9f3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"74ca45d69f11e43da866ea4a3f84b7cb7231b5369f27567aeba6375123f04e3c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1612.05562","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1612.05562","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1612.05562v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1612.05562","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OTFELVU7CHSD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OTFELVU7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"95854f951fb1676c7deea6bbcaa203de547b63b24c187430992b6411b312657d","abstract_canon_sha256":"91a8ee80346063cdf7282a4dea9be97734dedcf102bb620c138f9325ad27e9f3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"74ca45d69f11e43da866ea4a3f84b7cb7231b5369f27567aeba6375123f04e3c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.187124Z","signature_b64":"rhpDpeCUvfg2xhc4+R4D/QT6NSawB022bymLfKAo/3RPqqr6AKADMkjYcZ3lY2yTCk7/d1Q2v9LHiBwhA04nBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"74ca45d69f11e43da866ea4a3f84b7cb7231b5369f27567aeba6375123f04e3c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.186777Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.186777Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1612.05562","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vK36XZRlQLb2bU4r8hLufY4/Xh2dvsx0qas85rPzP7HfeIduWyCso5c+D1fGSPSF19SKCwivADD/gZmgSEASAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T17:51:50.071821Z"},"content_sha256":"b7dace020bad0b09b2bf024ee80db704d660f612cab16c78b6b6c0349736aa63","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b7dace020bad0b09b2bf024ee80db704d660f612cab16c78b6b6c0349736aa63"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Stacking Caustic Masses from Galaxy Clusters","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Christopher J. Miller (University of Michigan), Daniel Gifford, Nicholas Kern","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"Ongoing and future spectroscopic surveys will measure numerous galaxy redshifts within tens of thousands of galaxy clusters. However, the sampling within these clusters will be low, 15 < N < 50 per cluster. With such data, it will be difficult to achieve accurate and precise mass estimates for individual clusters using phase-space mass estimation techniques. We develop and test a new stacking algorithm based on the caustic technique, which reduces the mass scatter in <log M_caustic | M_200 > for ensemble clusters from 70% for individual clusters to less than 10% for ensemble clusters with only"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DGnV8nD0Mlf3iRKV8hSxaMbbNqxMeYwSgcm0SCcqemwGm28SnVMKJbEqmSC1y2A9wCi4qlWq5SAK/Pjfcc5fBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T17:51:50.072170Z"},"content_sha256":"6ce398729a17125e3d804b5da20c87b86d6bc8c971ac5a7370dda801cdc63bed","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6ce398729a17125e3d804b5da20c87b86d6bc8c971ac5a7370dda801cdc63bed"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T17:51:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG5JFD7BFXZN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"91a8ee80346063cdf7282a4dea9be97734dedcf102bb620c138f9325ad27e9f3","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"95854f951fb1676c7deea6bbcaa203de547b63b24c187430992b6411b312657d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1612.05562","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1612.05562v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1612.05562","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OTFELVU7CHSD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OTFELVU7CHSD3KDG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OTFELVU7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6ce398729a17125e3d804b5da20c87b86d6bc8c971ac5a7370dda801cdc63bed","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Ongoing and future spectroscopic surveys will measure numerous galaxy redshifts within tens of thousands of galaxy clusters. However, the sampling within these clusters will be low, 15 < N < 50 per cluster. With such data, it will be difficult to achieve accurate and precise mass estimates for individual clusters using phase-space mass estimation techniques. We develop and test a new stacking algorithm based on the caustic technique, which reduces the mass scatter in <log M_caustic | M_200 > for ensemble clusters from 70% for individual clusters to less than 10% for ensemble clusters with only","authors_text":"Christopher J. Miller (University of Michigan), Daniel Gifford, Nicholas Kern","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","title":"Stacking Caustic Masses from Galaxy Clusters"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b7dace020bad0b09b2bf024ee80db704d660f612cab16c78b6b6c0349736aa63","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"91a8ee80346063cdf7282a4dea9be97734dedcf102bb620c138f9325ad27e9f3","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2016-12-16T17:22:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"95854f951fb1676c7deea6bbcaa203de547b63b24c187430992b6411b312657d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1612.05562","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"74ca45d69f11e43da866ea4a3f84b7cb7231b5369f27567aeba6375123f04e3c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"74ca45d69f11e43da866ea4a3f84b7cb7231b5369f27567aeba6375123f04e3c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.186777Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.186777Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"rhpDpeCUvfg2xhc4+R4D/QT6NSawB022bymLfKAo/3RPqqr6AKADMkjYcZ3lY2yTCk7/d1Q2v9LHiBwhA04nBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:37.187124Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1612.05562","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b7dace020bad0b09b2bf024ee80db704d660f612cab16c78b6b6c0349736aa63","sha256:6ce398729a17125e3d804b5da20c87b86d6bc8c971ac5a7370dda801cdc63bed"],"state_sha256":"2caf16cf03f26680be9315acf2bc05158d6276dde533bbf80e909db675dbe510"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VkGp9HvUGpwtw3AdYadwmtfHTDIONQgFvhnTsgUVpEyYwesa4Bje4J+AK10t+C58sMhm9Z01TTjAiJoSxMHNCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T17:51:50.074097Z","bundle_sha256":"c347b45e0f951c6c9a76fccbec04385b00116d556743b5b396801cbd30fc6925"}}