{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP","short_pith_number":"pith:OUYLA4KZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a02310c359865d4ec6e09ac1652df47cbb5d9491c152b6b61c84d948b536b6b4","abstract_canon_sha256":"4d335ef5cda19a6420256a18403b89f43cfaf2b65f8f5aff0f2310f0e36b8c47"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7530b0715943e4851e120d652e2e0d23da9fa7b8dc6576ac2934f575ac47811a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2111.13957","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.13957","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.13957v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.13957","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZIPSI","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQS","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a02310c359865d4ec6e09ac1652df47cbb5d9491c152b6b61c84d948b536b6b4","abstract_canon_sha256":"4d335ef5cda19a6420256a18403b89f43cfaf2b65f8f5aff0f2310f0e36b8c47"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7530b0715943e4851e120d652e2e0d23da9fa7b8dc6576ac2934f575ac47811a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528553Z","signature_b64":"kE7PXQ5Cr0tcqyLdg98diftGy1Xzws6WNNKRcOhdyJQwxBc1y+h1o4OIT0K+3+yo66b/jwIf7Ki0SR++aBbCBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7530b0715943e4851e120d652e2e0d23da9fa7b8dc6576ac2934f575ac47811a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528028Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528028Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2111.13957","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Jk+kpb8kJ3Kg5q4NWSDXOCcPBDtACUh9KCrP482vJ+rjOH/JpIrb7K4iTTNkMLMWUkgv5A2sEB3+UOVo5ATSDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:50:28.881629Z"},"content_sha256":"3a5691c7376eddf1a5db6892d97fbba1f69546aad428e96dcfac4e61d03a7e1d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3a5691c7376eddf1a5db6892d97fbba1f69546aad428e96dcfac4e61d03a7e1d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Interpreting Dense Retrieval as Mixture of Topics","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.IR","authors_text":"Jiafeng Guo, Jiaxin Mao, Jingtao Zhan, Min Zhang, Shaoping Ma, Yiqun Liu","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","abstract_excerpt":"Dense Retrieval (DR) reaches state-of-the-art results in first-stage retrieval, but little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to its success. Therefore, in this work, we conduct an interpretation study of recently proposed DR models. Specifically, we first discretize the embeddings output by the document and query encoders. Based on the discrete representations, we analyze the attribution of input tokens. Both qualitative and quantitative experiments are carried out on public test collections. Results suggest that DR models pay attention to different aspects of input and extract var"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2111.13957/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Da4EgQHw//N/4HhdNmDfPTWxrpspwmi/hUFL849N7v/QVzySgo159N4eDHPYKunLSVRwv0iQ0Pj5aTZNDLUvDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:50:28.882172Z"},"content_sha256":"4e4f6e9b5cf42c0dc13c811c075a129f4c2051e82278f48f65d3f6609307e413","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4e4f6e9b5cf42c0dc13c811c075a129f4c2051e82278f48f65d3f6609307e413"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T11:50:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQSBVSS4LQNEP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4d335ef5cda19a6420256a18403b89f43cfaf2b65f8f5aff0f2310f0e36b8c47","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"a02310c359865d4ec6e09ac1652df47cbb5d9491c152b6b61c84d948b536b6b4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.13957","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.13957v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.13957","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZIPSI","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZIPSIKHQS","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OUYLA4KZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4e4f6e9b5cf42c0dc13c811c075a129f4c2051e82278f48f65d3f6609307e413","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2111.13957/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Dense Retrieval (DR) reaches state-of-the-art results in first-stage retrieval, but little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to its success. Therefore, in this work, we conduct an interpretation study of recently proposed DR models. Specifically, we first discretize the embeddings output by the document and query encoders. Based on the discrete representations, we analyze the attribution of input tokens. Both qualitative and quantitative experiments are carried out on public test collections. Results suggest that DR models pay attention to different aspects of input and extract var","authors_text":"Jiafeng Guo, Jiaxin Mao, Jingtao Zhan, Min Zhang, Shaoping Ma, Yiqun Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","title":"Interpreting Dense Retrieval as Mixture of Topics"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3a5691c7376eddf1a5db6892d97fbba1f69546aad428e96dcfac4e61d03a7e1d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4d335ef5cda19a6420256a18403b89f43cfaf2b65f8f5aff0f2310f0e36b8c47","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-11-27T18:35:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"a02310c359865d4ec6e09ac1652df47cbb5d9491c152b6b61c84d948b536b6b4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.13957","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"7530b0715943e4851e120d652e2e0d23da9fa7b8dc6576ac2934f575ac47811a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7530b0715943e4851e120d652e2e0d23da9fa7b8dc6576ac2934f575ac47811a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528028Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528028Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"kE7PXQ5Cr0tcqyLdg98diftGy1Xzws6WNNKRcOhdyJQwxBc1y+h1o4OIT0K+3+yo66b/jwIf7Ki0SR++aBbCBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:37.528553Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2111.13957","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3a5691c7376eddf1a5db6892d97fbba1f69546aad428e96dcfac4e61d03a7e1d","sha256:4e4f6e9b5cf42c0dc13c811c075a129f4c2051e82278f48f65d3f6609307e413"],"state_sha256":"a07db5eafff3d95699eb6af7a84e9efcea109606758fc34f985d3d5fcefad0fa"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yx1fOqxv7E0mU/lmzUZWIWUcgIBytOH0Up5bO/JkustIBX7x16T6/knL6B5hHFalmmG5Fmy64eqXEQs6JF5dAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:50:28.886024Z","bundle_sha256":"fa103b414a86d0b9d2dce6da178f7105bd53517822e2d66e2563139d61498de2"}}