{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG","short_pith_number":"pith:OX3UWZRH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM"],"title_canon_sha256":"5eeab1df843e4c0263f670ca7d2fa53ee6e902f5b7b143cb9c960fbeb80d0339","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee1508f90c9b8a2d41a0d87f6cf2a5cf1cc1ccb6b7dba443dce8083a16722c3b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"75f74b66272f031d29bd9f883dc18481af34bb667b5ada5d35ea2a48d95e48ea","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.05810","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.05810","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.05810v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.05810","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OX3UWZRHF4BR","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OX3UWZRH","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM"],"title_canon_sha256":"5eeab1df843e4c0263f670ca7d2fa53ee6e902f5b7b143cb9c960fbeb80d0339","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee1508f90c9b8a2d41a0d87f6cf2a5cf1cc1ccb6b7dba443dce8083a16722c3b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"75f74b66272f031d29bd9f883dc18481af34bb667b5ada5d35ea2a48d95e48ea","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556724Z","signature_b64":"+qgifb34uiT1Jmmk1ITEqyp3zXB/453YyTVmzUNYo0jsivYSDo6cELCcjdc5LsWwxRKqrme8HLWfBHRUGUF1BQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"75f74b66272f031d29bd9f883dc18481af34bb667b5ada5d35ea2a48d95e48ea","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556248Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556248Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.05810","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WTapcLj0DrregEXJm8Ka/yogab/U20RQ/gScuG86e6kCcgvWf5kmX7RDp9U7wGsrpKO0XOhiEaogRKYIBtdnDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:15:00.159511Z"},"content_sha256":"7f43eaa5f0e06631e8323d2bf6c664973921440696f4d0bbe4c346222cef82d3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7f43eaa5f0e06631e8323d2bf6c664973921440696f4d0bbe4c346222cef82d3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Model of a Randomized Experiment with an Application to the PROWESS Clinical Trial","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["econ.EM"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Amanda Kowalski","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"I develop a model of a randomized experiment with a binary intervention and a binary outcome. Potential outcomes in the intervention and control groups give rise to four types of participants. Fixing ideas such that the outcome is mortality, some participants would live regardless, others would be saved, others would be killed, and others would die regardless. These potential outcome types are not observable. However, I use the model to develop estimators of the number of participants of each type. The model relies on the randomization within the experiment and on deductive reasoning. I apply "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.05810/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"v5nyhcd3rh4TpE3Tdkg11jK/f7n55Wgsv87kSHYv5UpgIzsEkSCtV/24lDkHf+9oM2PRtIh5LXVTHmeHvCC3AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:15:00.160133Z"},"content_sha256":"f9a8c5b22c269f453cbba338f1608bf9a03bd9408ec9a75622818784f15a0925","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f9a8c5b22c269f453cbba338f1608bf9a03bd9408ec9a75622818784f15a0925"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T16:15:00Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5T6ED3QMEQG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee1508f90c9b8a2d41a0d87f6cf2a5cf1cc1ccb6b7dba443dce8083a16722c3b","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"5eeab1df843e4c0263f670ca7d2fa53ee6e902f5b7b143cb9c960fbeb80d0339"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.05810","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.05810v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.05810","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OX3UWZRHF4BR","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OX3UWZRHF4BR2KN5","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OX3UWZRH","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f9a8c5b22c269f453cbba338f1608bf9a03bd9408ec9a75622818784f15a0925","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.05810/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"I develop a model of a randomized experiment with a binary intervention and a binary outcome. Potential outcomes in the intervention and control groups give rise to four types of participants. Fixing ideas such that the outcome is mortality, some participants would live regardless, others would be saved, others would be killed, and others would die regardless. These potential outcome types are not observable. However, I use the model to develop estimators of the number of participants of each type. The model relies on the randomization within the experiment and on deductive reasoning. I apply ","authors_text":"Amanda Kowalski","cross_cats":["econ.EM"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","title":"A Model of a Randomized Experiment with an Application to the PROWESS Clinical Trial"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7f43eaa5f0e06631e8323d2bf6c664973921440696f4d0bbe4c346222cef82d3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee1508f90c9b8a2d41a0d87f6cf2a5cf1cc1ccb6b7dba443dce8083a16722c3b","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-16T01:40:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"5eeab1df843e4c0263f670ca7d2fa53ee6e902f5b7b143cb9c960fbeb80d0339"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.05810","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"75f74b66272f031d29bd9f883dc18481af34bb667b5ada5d35ea2a48d95e48ea","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"75f74b66272f031d29bd9f883dc18481af34bb667b5ada5d35ea2a48d95e48ea","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556248Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556248Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"+qgifb34uiT1Jmmk1ITEqyp3zXB/453YyTVmzUNYo0jsivYSDo6cELCcjdc5LsWwxRKqrme8HLWfBHRUGUF1BQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:21:34.556724Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.05810","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7f43eaa5f0e06631e8323d2bf6c664973921440696f4d0bbe4c346222cef82d3","sha256:f9a8c5b22c269f453cbba338f1608bf9a03bd9408ec9a75622818784f15a0925"],"state_sha256":"8670e17cb0a299e81d985f6380750ab42cd00219697ada19371b66355f8dcccb"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iQxk+GK00eKhyvwsSdidunbfdXA7f8wqHlM9C39XMA6ATB9Yib+QyAWXakTV0x3JdDYGW4gMCSSB+sdCJvd9AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:15:00.163497Z","bundle_sha256":"5a8fb5fe48c4ac26df6c1d1225eda981c0f890ee6a2a3a333d838d5e6c0de2eb"}}