{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK","short_pith_number":"pith:P2LCCQBS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"b7cc4adaf5a2c4447c1c42697d291d3febb5ed565352456f8ab87c1452b48029","abstract_canon_sha256":"fbc5940b446cd57e239df7b78be343f8760cd8e51e995f17a8f5f3d4eecfa4fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7e96214032556b019cb0c4fa0fb93b3aa8e5dba792a3018e1bd04dec3298ffba","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1606.06992","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1606.06992","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1606.06992v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1606.06992","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"P2LCCQBSKVVQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"P2LCCQBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"b7cc4adaf5a2c4447c1c42697d291d3febb5ed565352456f8ab87c1452b48029","abstract_canon_sha256":"fbc5940b446cd57e239df7b78be343f8760cd8e51e995f17a8f5f3d4eecfa4fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7e96214032556b019cb0c4fa0fb93b3aa8e5dba792a3018e1bd04dec3298ffba","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764799Z","signature_b64":"0Y8qbDN7GeGcsPZWYnw2HH5n+8YQBfDfAlTL/n0eRBqE9aIvxFziS1AEXpLxzGVKjQoG7+03dioJKMmr3SMDCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7e96214032556b019cb0c4fa0fb93b3aa8e5dba792a3018e1bd04dec3298ffba","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764469Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764469Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1606.06992","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gIA1jE2gNlcCmASohQ/oUcuKOsx+Jy/ll/gXbBSBd3tsqbB7M0LRl+S6sHyzGeQuE9VTAYTXzbSsLOCeoGHqAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:08:05.778683Z"},"content_sha256":"2babb909d2eaedfe0d9f656cfdafba2638717fc8a756838e5edb35601ebfce44","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2babb909d2eaedfe0d9f656cfdafba2638717fc8a756838e5edb35601ebfce44"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Smart Grid Security: Threats, Challenges, and Solutions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"primary_cat":"cs.IT","authors_text":"Anibal Sanjab, Arif Sarwat, Ismail Guvenc, Saroj Biswas, Walid Saad","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"The cyber-physical nature of the smart grid has rendered it vulnerable to a multitude of attacks that can occur at its communication, networking, and physical entry points. Such cyber-physical attacks can have detrimental effects on the operation of the grid as exemplified by the recent attack which caused a blackout of the Ukranian power grid. Thus, to properly secure the smart grid, it is of utmost importance to: a) understand its underlying vulnerabilities and associated threats, b) quantify their effects, and c) devise appropriate security solutions. In this paper, the key threats targetin"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZyxwHuHvxOnAMaKh+nKwDSgzm0oXtMMPLdOzXhjo3sm+QAxQ3559K7MkYFgRdjyNPdF3ByOIJQAHYAS/uE6iCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:08:05.779033Z"},"content_sha256":"6eb8f9d32ef9c47b229bbccce61db4380311b45e3d27b8bae48077ae5a6c0ec1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6eb8f9d32ef9c47b229bbccce61db4380311b45e3d27b8bae48077ae5a6c0ec1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T04:08:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQYT5A7OJ3HK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fbc5940b446cd57e239df7b78be343f8760cd8e51e995f17a8f5f3d4eecfa4fd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"b7cc4adaf5a2c4447c1c42697d291d3febb5ed565352456f8ab87c1452b48029"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1606.06992","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1606.06992v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1606.06992","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"P2LCCQBSKVVQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"P2LCCQBSKVVQDHFQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"P2LCCQBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:36Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6eb8f9d32ef9c47b229bbccce61db4380311b45e3d27b8bae48077ae5a6c0ec1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The cyber-physical nature of the smart grid has rendered it vulnerable to a multitude of attacks that can occur at its communication, networking, and physical entry points. Such cyber-physical attacks can have detrimental effects on the operation of the grid as exemplified by the recent attack which caused a blackout of the Ukranian power grid. Thus, to properly secure the smart grid, it is of utmost importance to: a) understand its underlying vulnerabilities and associated threats, b) quantify their effects, and c) devise appropriate security solutions. In this paper, the key threats targetin","authors_text":"Anibal Sanjab, Arif Sarwat, Ismail Guvenc, Saroj Biswas, Walid Saad","cross_cats":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","title":"Smart Grid Security: Threats, Challenges, and Solutions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2babb909d2eaedfe0d9f656cfdafba2638717fc8a756838e5edb35601ebfce44","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fbc5940b446cd57e239df7b78be343f8760cd8e51e995f17a8f5f3d4eecfa4fd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2016-06-22T15:57:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"b7cc4adaf5a2c4447c1c42697d291d3febb5ed565352456f8ab87c1452b48029"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1606.06992","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"7e96214032556b019cb0c4fa0fb93b3aa8e5dba792a3018e1bd04dec3298ffba","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7e96214032556b019cb0c4fa0fb93b3aa8e5dba792a3018e1bd04dec3298ffba","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764469Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764469Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0Y8qbDN7GeGcsPZWYnw2HH5n+8YQBfDfAlTL/n0eRBqE9aIvxFziS1AEXpLxzGVKjQoG7+03dioJKMmr3SMDCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:12:00.764799Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1606.06992","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2babb909d2eaedfe0d9f656cfdafba2638717fc8a756838e5edb35601ebfce44","sha256:6eb8f9d32ef9c47b229bbccce61db4380311b45e3d27b8bae48077ae5a6c0ec1"],"state_sha256":"1dd93e6f0ee8d075649aae66255ee9cc937bd5e19e1367b304f09aa8648c6530"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"92dkVN96bniwLJCuR3nCWvKlSNmRP0NkfYTaul+Knk+QYgnMaVr5EzNSgMq8z26vca0/+RV94h8e7dOmFhI5Dw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:08:05.781005Z","bundle_sha256":"4f799b3f7183ad6d4f9eaab8bb976281863b524ff608bbf9e0e3d78ea2d35dbd"}}