{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","short_pith_number":"pith:PBAR5VJO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"adb95d7378f75c08b469645f3969cc764fb645df7c8218cb3366ef4a5285f477","abstract_canon_sha256":"73200ac2d53516a10b262ca346b5cf36acc38061053e4a3f5a7046eed3439a72"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"78411ed52ec7a7da4a92a0921d23e8a19ceaee652a0395ace22f8cd4e3572eee","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.08812","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.08812","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.08812v2","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.08812","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PBAR5VJOY6T5","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PBAR5VJOY6T5USUS","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PBAR5VJO","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"adb95d7378f75c08b469645f3969cc764fb645df7c8218cb3366ef4a5285f477","abstract_canon_sha256":"73200ac2d53516a10b262ca346b5cf36acc38061053e4a3f5a7046eed3439a72"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"78411ed52ec7a7da4a92a0921d23e8a19ceaee652a0395ace22f8cd4e3572eee","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607986Z","signature_b64":"Sdv98F2QmnfLRodw5FIJj+IpnKduWiCaEjA9GHF3WFohJZHRwsYTJRdCxXJxt7QAdCDQScNP42TaJ732Ar0hDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"78411ed52ec7a7da4a92a0921d23e8a19ceaee652a0395ace22f8cd4e3572eee","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607296Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607296Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.08812","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5Dxgj0tK1ktoRR/QjoV3wVYCqJvchgQWn3a4FZrvBtDJXCCKyswCn50a/E2Ol/iTzUmHU4XzNzENnbyhQrHyCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51.292726Z"},"content_sha256":"640267d9f89cb8eddf1ffa592594d660861afd08fb0e47ef0076d685c6351166","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:640267d9f89cb8eddf1ffa592594d660861afd08fb0e47ef0076d685c6351166"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Little Impact of ChatGPT Availability on High School Student Test Score Performance","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores.","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"primary_cat":"econ.GN","authors_text":"Nick Huntington-Klein","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"In educational settings, AI can be used as a learning aid, but can also be used to avoid schoolwork, thereby passing classes while learning little. Many existing studies on the impact of AI on education focus on AI use in controlled settings or with specialized tools. In this paper, the dropoff in ChatGPT activity during non-school summer months in 2023 and 2024 is used to identify areas with heavy educational AI use and thus estimate the educational impact of AI as it is actually used. I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction. These result"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The summer dropoff in ChatGPT activity validly identifies areas with heavy educational (as opposed to recreational or professional) AI use and that this variation is not confounded by other time-varying factors that also affect test scores.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Seasonal drop in ChatGPT usage during summers identifies high-AI-use areas and shows no impact on high school test score averages.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"c2570ed6c9e2daffbf83879c960101d9bdb9ce1caa78bdc4cd2250122f624f9e"},"source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"87124a2c-bb06-4737-b3fc-8d72c5233647","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T15:18:04.911567Z","strongest_claim":"I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction.","one_line_summary":"Seasonal drop in ChatGPT usage during summers identifies high-AI-use areas and shows no impact on high school test score averages.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The summer dropoff in ChatGPT activity validly identifies areas with heavy educational (as opposed to recreational or professional) AI use and that this variation is not confounded by other time-varying factors that also affect test scores.","pith_extraction_headline":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores."},"integrity":{"clean":false,"summary":{"advisory":2,"critical":0,"by_detector":{"doi_compliance":{"total":2,"advisory":2,"critical":0,"informational":0}},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.08812/integrity.json","findings":[{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","detector":"doi_compliance","severity":"advisory","ref_index":1,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","detected_doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","verdict_class":"incontrovertible","detected_arxiv_id":null},{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","detector":"doi_compliance","severity":"advisory","ref_index":2,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","detected_doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","verdict_class":"incontrovertible","detected_arxiv_id":null}],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:34:17.792798Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:01:21.953832Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":2}],"snapshot_sha256":"4516a97b7c8771585f4602519d0a7ef209787151b8fb05e7b6a38f66fe9015bc"},"references":{"count":2,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:","year":2026,"title":"ChatGPT as a cognitive crutch: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial on knowledge retention","work_id":"5c43e411-a288-4f7e-9c09-8314d8bf432a","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:","year":2025,"title":"The emerging generative artificial intelligence divide in the United States","work_id":"08399964-b040-4074-b3ed-d9ab37004816","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":2,"snapshot_sha256":"fe7f64e6db5a09bd808771a93c86e00f2df62391d101299581e85e45af954fe5","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"98bf0409983a9e707290c694983f83a27641723c637b06521695c9d341277570"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"87124a2c-bb06-4737-b3fc-8d72c5233647"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gRWyawy7Npr2t85UZsyrjsFBQF9ecLfguFlYsVz5R6HixLl9TgPlUYXR7kpZ1lpncYAsQGvQr9X1EviIDUmaCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51.293751Z"},"content_sha256":"480f5dc65e9de6192405ba8e2c18cd968b05b0e227f14e817496f5fa6c3ac2a9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:480f5dc65e9de6192405ba8e2c18cd968b05b0e227f14e817496f5fa6c3ac2a9"},{"event_type":"integrity_finding","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","target":"integrity","payload":{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","snippet":"38 Daepp, Madeleine IG and Scott Counts (2025). “The emerging generative artificial intelligence divide in the United States”. In:Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 19, pp. 443–456. De Simone, Mar","arxiv_id":"2605.08812","detector":"doi_compliance","evidence":{"ref_index":2,"verdict_class":"incontrovertible","resolved_title":null,"printed_excerpt":"38 Daepp, Madeleine IG and Scott Counts (2025). “The emerging generative artificial intelligence divide in the United States”. In:Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 19, pp. 443–456. De Simone, Mar","reconstructed_doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0"},"severity":"advisory","ref_index":2,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","event_type":"pith.integrity.v1","detected_doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0","detector_url":"https://pith.science/pith-integrity-protocol#doi_compliance","external_url":null,"finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","evidence_hash":"8ca9326718c7a5d8a33ae981376a23a34b0612eb21eae8e0fe6685a4f2a71390","paper_version":1,"verdict_class":"incontrovertible","resolved_title":null,"detector_version":"1.0.0","detected_arxiv_id":null,"integrity_event_id":880,"payload_sha256":"e7be3709e747d53b1e35097d412cea29d965edc0f355395f5ac882efc3b7d293","signature_b64":"qlHTl2i3vvdeJQl/4zf6fYENGYdmtgp7++AGHIdvI2UXPX8efGC9eP5Qnpq7ytdenZBGfRk9QxkTbbMsz1RpDg==","signing_key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T10:52:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"H5v8yz3ZmvnsZGuKLRpsUsxoozL4dXJ7UQlRKLtTpfYzIdfLg1lz4AHSnoHprT1mCJfhq3e2codoWrqTQk8cDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51.295111Z"},"content_sha256":"4b9c5e8af7cf6d07c7a98eb706e7d6c77481d9209f55434d6799b89ac522977c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4b9c5e8af7cf6d07c7a98eb706e7d6c77481d9209f55434d6799b89ac522977c"},{"event_type":"integrity_finding","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","target":"integrity","payload":{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","snippet":"ACT, Inc. (2026).Data and Visualization - ACT Research. Accessed February 16 2026.url: https://www.act.org/content/act/en/research/services-and-resources/data-and-visualizati on.html. Adair, Alexandra et al. (Oct. 2025).U.S. High School Stu","arxiv_id":"2605.08812","detector":"doi_compliance","evidence":{"ref_index":1,"verdict_class":"incontrovertible","resolved_title":null,"printed_excerpt":"ACT, Inc. (2026).Data and Visualization - ACT Research. Accessed February 16 2026.url: https://www.act.org/content/act/en/research/services-and-resources/data-and-visualizati on.html. Adair, Alexandra et al. (Oct. 2025).U.S. High School Stu","reconstructed_doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590"},"severity":"advisory","ref_index":1,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","event_type":"pith.integrity.v1","detected_doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590","detector_url":"https://pith.science/pith-integrity-protocol#doi_compliance","external_url":null,"finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","evidence_hash":"a3d7eadaf65d06677590001c7874b94cc417900dbcf40110102eb453fa8e4310","paper_version":1,"verdict_class":"incontrovertible","resolved_title":null,"detector_version":"1.0.0","detected_arxiv_id":null,"integrity_event_id":879,"payload_sha256":"fe1fa6f87636e9ed641288b02b66579e29d749bbbe04b622eebd0ea218dc6bc8","signature_b64":"G49/ioi9oZwtfpMXg+an+A5iuC5KvU5ow5tBYQ1LRikjKv4q7A+SO7eWdv2Y/vjETYuUoqtdnzeuFYQIUMrrAw==","signing_key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T10:52:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"b0H8tA/Etla9xHPYiYqQmob6lnyd1HESYsNk16I15FI3xdTVZHumtl8ff5DeSggKawzfWPNbD7DVSdaB5xNoBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51.295701Z"},"content_sha256":"d84c8815356cdd7a41404539b3cf05b615918443c22f8072a27084f462538d8f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d84c8815356cdd7a41404539b3cf05b615918443c22f8072a27084f462538d8f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:PBAR5VJOY6T5USUSUCJB2I7IUG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":4,"valid_event_count":4,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":1,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"73200ac2d53516a10b262ca346b5cf36acc38061053e4a3f5a7046eed3439a72","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"adb95d7378f75c08b469645f3969cc764fb645df7c8218cb3366ef4a5285f477"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.08812","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.08812v2","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.08812","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PBAR5VJOY6T5","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PBAR5VJOY6T5USUS","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PBAR5VJO","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:480f5dc65e9de6192405ba8e2c18cd968b05b0e227f14e817496f5fa6c3ac2a9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The summer dropoff in ChatGPT activity validly identifies areas with heavy educational (as opposed to recreational or professional) AI use and that this variation is not confounded by other time-varying factors that also affect test scores."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Seasonal drop in ChatGPT usage during summers identifies high-AI-use areas and shows no impact on high school test score averages."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores."}],"snapshot_sha256":"c2570ed6c9e2daffbf83879c960101d9bdb9ce1caa78bdc4cd2250122f624f9e"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"98bf0409983a9e707290c694983f83a27641723c637b06521695c9d341277570"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":false,"detectors_run":[{"findings_count":0,"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:34:17.792798Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0"},{"findings_count":0,"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:01:21.953832Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0"},{"findings_count":2,"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0"}],"endpoint":"/pith/2605.08812/integrity.json","findings":[{"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","detected_arxiv_id":null,"detected_doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590","detector":"doi_compliance","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","ref_index":1,"severity":"advisory","verdict_class":"incontrovertible"},{"audited_at":"2026-05-19T10:48:48.474649Z","detected_arxiv_id":null,"detected_doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0","detector":"doi_compliance","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","ref_index":2,"severity":"advisory","verdict_class":"incontrovertible"}],"snapshot_sha256":"4516a97b7c8771585f4602519d0a7ef209787151b8fb05e7b6a38f66fe9015bc","summary":{"advisory":2,"by_detector":{"doi_compliance":{"advisory":2,"critical":0,"informational":0,"total":2}},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In educational settings, AI can be used as a learning aid, but can also be used to avoid schoolwork, thereby passing classes while learning little. Many existing studies on the impact of AI on education focus on AI use in controlled settings or with specialized tools. In this paper, the dropoff in ChatGPT activity during non-school summer months in 2023 and 2024 is used to identify areas with heavy educational AI use and thus estimate the educational impact of AI as it is actually used. I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction. These result","authors_text":"Nick Huntington-Klein","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"headline":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","title":"Little Impact of ChatGPT Availability on High School Student Test Score Performance"},"references":{"count":2,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":2,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102287.url:","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"ChatGPT as a cognitive crutch: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial on knowledge retention","work_id":"5c43e411-a288-4f7e-9c09-8314d8bf432a","year":2026},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224.url:","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"The emerging generative artificial intelligence divide in the United States","work_id":"08399964-b040-4074-b3ed-d9ab37004816","year":2025}],"snapshot_sha256":"fe7f64e6db5a09bd808771a93c86e00f2df62391d101299581e85e45af954fe5"},"source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-19T15:18:04.911567Z","id":"87124a2c-bb06-4737-b3fc-8d72c5233647","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"Seasonal drop in ChatGPT usage during summers identifies high-AI-use areas and shows no impact on high school test score averages.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"ChatGPT availability had no meaningful impact on high school test scores.","strongest_claim":"I find no meaningful impact of AI usage on high school test score averages in either direction.","weakest_assumption":"The summer dropoff in ChatGPT activity validly identifies areas with heavy educational (as opposed to recreational or professional) AI use and that this variation is not confounded by other time-varying factors that also affect test scores."}},"verdict_id":"87124a2c-bb06-4737-b3fc-8d72c5233647"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:640267d9f89cb8eddf1ffa592594d660861afd08fb0e47ef0076d685c6351166","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"73200ac2d53516a10b262ca346b5cf36acc38061053e4a3f5a7046eed3439a72","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-09T09:03:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"adb95d7378f75c08b469645f3969cc764fb645df7c8218cb3366ef4a5285f477"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.08812","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"78411ed52ec7a7da4a92a0921d23e8a19ceaee652a0395ace22f8cd4e3572eee","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"78411ed52ec7a7da4a92a0921d23e8a19ceaee652a0395ace22f8cd4e3572eee","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607296Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607296Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Sdv98F2QmnfLRodw5FIJj+IpnKduWiCaEjA9GHF3WFohJZHRwsYTJRdCxXJxt7QAdCDQScNP42TaJ732Ar0hDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-20T00:00:41.607986Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.08812","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[{"signer_id":"pith.science","event_type":"integrity_finding","target":"integrity","event_ids":["sha256:4b9c5e8af7cf6d07c7a98eb706e7d6c77481d9209f55434d6799b89ac522977c","sha256:d84c8815356cdd7a41404539b3cf05b615918443c22f8072a27084f462538d8f"]}],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:640267d9f89cb8eddf1ffa592594d660861afd08fb0e47ef0076d685c6351166","sha256:480f5dc65e9de6192405ba8e2c18cd968b05b0e227f14e817496f5fa6c3ac2a9"],"state_sha256":"8d537271e7e72fea822968d9c84e7440a8b5abaa58a2f201ebe32c12dd4bcdcd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cBrKqnnLJd2PH5E9iVFI6iL20WEtcYt7DXc3MYb4OeUXod9Qw+iZlbdkxrph2OmbGajk4Puekc39CN6kMxeaCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T08:14:51.300232Z","bundle_sha256":"7cc7d89a9957c93c98db5ca5223eeab5ebf501e832b8747231b0a5c43ac3b52c"}}