{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN","short_pith_number":"pith:PGT4FKQA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"b3a16394394cf17a82bc3cc1a78deafdc828dc10c2e7c2f112f29ac569d18f40","abstract_canon_sha256":"1fa4ae55683c1248d853ab962fd521117dede0fda853ef4415d6450b40f12384"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"79a7c2aa0078060cc88b8143ab2f196b4bba4b3f1663e2e5faa7b59d128b3437","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.04756","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.04756","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.04756v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.04756","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PGT4FKQAPADA","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PGT4FKQAPADAZSEL","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PGT4FKQA","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"b3a16394394cf17a82bc3cc1a78deafdc828dc10c2e7c2f112f29ac569d18f40","abstract_canon_sha256":"1fa4ae55683c1248d853ab962fd521117dede0fda853ef4415d6450b40f12384"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"79a7c2aa0078060cc88b8143ab2f196b4bba4b3f1663e2e5faa7b59d128b3437","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.183049Z","signature_b64":"djrqdKUGU1rse3CO48b4mtM474QceQ2u6dhm/OUk1GDuGTsG8wiJN5BBV5+QfQFoP9+6F1gchDk8jysAzbBdCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"79a7c2aa0078060cc88b8143ab2f196b4bba4b3f1663e2e5faa7b59d128b3437","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.182656Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.182656Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.04756","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xnE1Hdsu2Ad58NDZ3+PrNzSoUA3JI48QlRhajeHR177LbsqJXcdjbXmSpijX1v1v2VIs4fQcVnr3VP6zkoFZAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T23:09:35.794925Z"},"content_sha256":"2329f45b13a46192a59fa7818a3e5be7904b35409e9a1dc30da2b3173331be25","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2329f45b13a46192a59fa7818a3e5be7904b35409e9a1dc30da2b3173331be25"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A scalable verification solution for blockchains","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["econ.TH"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Christian Reitwie{\\ss}ner, Jason Teutsch","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Bitcoin and Ethereum, whose miners arguably collectively comprise the most powerful computational resource in the history of mankind, offer no more power for processing and verifying transactions than a typical smart phone. The system described herein bypasses this bottleneck and brings scalable computation to Ethereum. Our new system consists of a financial incentive layer atop a dispute resolution layer where the latter takes form of a versatile \"verification game.\" In addition to secure outsourced computation, immediate applications include decentralized mining pools whose operator is an Et"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.04756/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Gmx5GaUIHXRSH8dvyUzU3A6UxOMNj0z2s5pWn7nZ3va5MTi1R/QIbWyeKio0NkOPb8V7mQ/ymTi7BEzLlQxWAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T23:09:35.795441Z"},"content_sha256":"7188bf45807599c0897ecb5b16c76b6eac9282d4c7af752b0fdd436a7138d981","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7188bf45807599c0897ecb5b16c76b6eac9282d4c7af752b0fdd436a7138d981"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-20T23:09:35Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:PGT4FKQAPADAZSELQFB2WLYZNN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1fa4ae55683c1248d853ab962fd521117dede0fda853ef4415d6450b40f12384","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"b3a16394394cf17a82bc3cc1a78deafdc828dc10c2e7c2f112f29ac569d18f40"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.04756","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.04756v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.04756","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PGT4FKQAPADA","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PGT4FKQAPADAZSEL","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PGT4FKQA","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7188bf45807599c0897ecb5b16c76b6eac9282d4c7af752b0fdd436a7138d981","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.04756/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Bitcoin and Ethereum, whose miners arguably collectively comprise the most powerful computational resource in the history of mankind, offer no more power for processing and verifying transactions than a typical smart phone. The system described herein bypasses this bottleneck and brings scalable computation to Ethereum. Our new system consists of a financial incentive layer atop a dispute resolution layer where the latter takes form of a versatile \"verification game.\" In addition to secure outsourced computation, immediate applications include decentralized mining pools whose operator is an Et","authors_text":"Christian Reitwie{\\ss}ner, Jason Teutsch","cross_cats":["econ.TH"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","title":"A scalable verification solution for blockchains"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2329f45b13a46192a59fa7818a3e5be7904b35409e9a1dc30da2b3173331be25","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1fa4ae55683c1248d853ab962fd521117dede0fda853ef4415d6450b40f12384","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T04:02:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"b3a16394394cf17a82bc3cc1a78deafdc828dc10c2e7c2f112f29ac569d18f40"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.04756","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"79a7c2aa0078060cc88b8143ab2f196b4bba4b3f1663e2e5faa7b59d128b3437","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"79a7c2aa0078060cc88b8143ab2f196b4bba4b3f1663e2e5faa7b59d128b3437","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.182656Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.182656Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"djrqdKUGU1rse3CO48b4mtM474QceQ2u6dhm/OUk1GDuGTsG8wiJN5BBV5+QfQFoP9+6F1gchDk8jysAzbBdCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:16.183049Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.04756","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2329f45b13a46192a59fa7818a3e5be7904b35409e9a1dc30da2b3173331be25","sha256:7188bf45807599c0897ecb5b16c76b6eac9282d4c7af752b0fdd436a7138d981"],"state_sha256":"9a37f1f456d93efc2ace954a924e22a215f14bbb36772a58f7d55735cbedf8b4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bY82xSwEuAnfQJ5dvaFUUN2pDW9vIXK6wAVsgh6Ovct/kENWm5MS+49VBp/NSzoOuvpPDUu6CBYt94c6rfv8AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T23:09:35.798952Z","bundle_sha256":"bce4d882af83cf042eb0b5430671974fae3d8bdd738356515435ab08d8081bc2"}}