{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:PN5T3XJFAKGSHQAVPLLLJQYVSJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"26a744b70c10f2a94f5b7fbd914be305239ef52f76c5f81ee7bd8db64c2d179b","cross_cats_sorted":["nlin.AO","q-bio.TO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-17T16:32:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"61e12ddbac6552ce883adf733db9901e74c755bccd5c9f1655b4c7c4761a16cf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1602.05474","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1602.05474","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1602.05474v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1602.05474","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PN5T3XJFAKGS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PN5T3XJFAKGSHQAV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PN5T3XJF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2bd6e892dbdbe1f35a69e980f205e81364689636ab40142940b1c5622f9d3897","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The use of special operations forces (SOF) in war fighting and peace keeping efforts has increased dramatically in recent decades. A scientific understanding of the reason for this increase would provide guidance as to the contexts in which SOF can be used to their best effect. Ashby's law of requisite variety provides a scientific framework for understanding and analyzing a system's ability to survive and prosper in the face of environmental challenges. We have developed a generalization of this law to extend the analysis to systems that must respond to disturbances at multiple scales. This a","authors_text":"Joseph Norman, Yaneer Bar-Yam","cross_cats":["nlin.AO","q-bio.TO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-17T16:32:27Z","title":"Special Operations Forces: A Global Immune System?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1602.05474","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ef1319e125a7acc2ea0363ff8f003dbe76dfab6198fb5c463d9a40bbb88d9dd0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"26a744b70c10f2a94f5b7fbd914be305239ef52f76c5f81ee7bd8db64c2d179b","cross_cats_sorted":["nlin.AO","q-bio.TO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-17T16:32:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"61e12ddbac6552ce883adf733db9901e74c755bccd5c9f1655b4c7c4761a16cf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1602.05474","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"7b7b3ddd25028d23c0157ad6b4c3159247004454c53261f205c95205a8168396","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7b7b3ddd25028d23c0157ad6b4c3159247004454c53261f205c95205a8168396","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05.150973Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05.150973Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"wN4tzYy9iCWRfR8rZ2rCGBF4iN/7xOVb9tw6aTHWvunZ0JyfzoqVMBkLdqUknEwaHabZ26VNA0a7pqkAzIk9Cg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:19:05.151484Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1602.05474","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ef1319e125a7acc2ea0363ff8f003dbe76dfab6198fb5c463d9a40bbb88d9dd0","sha256:2bd6e892dbdbe1f35a69e980f205e81364689636ab40142940b1c5622f9d3897"],"state_sha256":"333603debf3bb7648d1f2ab80b45d0c70db8fde3959850042ab1e072ab696393"}