{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV","short_pith_number":"pith:PXUJ4N4H","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"32803c7e8b9dee4166eedbdb5eb925e663eef533b8c3f2b94eeceec1959c7d7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"1ef1d3b772b037b491373062916ee1e8b2520fb143d89ca8348c2037a7b5afe8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7de89e378748333561bd2116aa2ae77569b05b4edc8c162b07852f2a967e4511","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2503.06028","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2503.06028","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2503.06028v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.06028","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4HJAZT","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4H","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"32803c7e8b9dee4166eedbdb5eb925e663eef533b8c3f2b94eeceec1959c7d7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"1ef1d3b772b037b491373062916ee1e8b2520fb143d89ca8348c2037a7b5afe8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7de89e378748333561bd2116aa2ae77569b05b4edc8c162b07852f2a967e4511","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104862Z","signature_b64":"cY/rqq5xOIn2KXZ+WFcaAqYZuyyFg8eKL6KpFuB7ulhVqBp1rfY2s46c7uEtAfQ8QVknf3TG3/RMUKOG28V2BA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7de89e378748333561bd2116aa2ae77569b05b4edc8c162b07852f2a967e4511","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104007Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104007Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2503.06028","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ghFyeqoRHQ/s0XCqaPxbDSMCKJiZbmbHJkHyMO4mEHQ4HRkHMSGf1x+mCMJldg01WtISTXOGBUs+00vOHjRwDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T16:13:47.610019Z"},"content_sha256":"a66ee7057d9109286bd0898647a079a7d080ee161d3187eb2936fc354dd5f928","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a66ee7057d9109286bd0898647a079a7d080ee161d3187eb2936fc354dd5f928"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Data-Free Black-Box Federated Learning via Zeroth-Order Gradient Estimation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Jin Wang, Xinge Ma, Xuejie Zhang","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) enables decentralized clients to collaboratively train a global model under the orchestration of a central server without exposing their individual data. However, the iterative exchange of model parameters between the server and clients imposes heavy communication burdens, risks potential privacy leakage, and even precludes collaboration among heterogeneous clients. Distillation-based FL tackles these challenges by exchanging low-dimensional model outputs rather than model parameters, yet it highly relies on a task-relevant auxiliary dataset that is often not available "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2503.06028/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0ZxSlLkKg1PpsVbaqLTpVaRR8eMsDLuU+VJNj/UQyUpFlM7imWHMtS0QHzJpKFkYN5LYIBwJTNn9AX+Z8OmiBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T16:13:47.610519Z"},"content_sha256":"667b5835d6f34b8b8b718748d03f7d3611cf59a334bd159603e7e7d8aedcbc5d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:667b5835d6f34b8b8b718748d03f7d3611cf59a334bd159603e7e7d8aedcbc5d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-22T16:13:47Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5EELKUKXHOV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1ef1d3b772b037b491373062916ee1e8b2520fb143d89ca8348c2037a7b5afe8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"32803c7e8b9dee4166eedbdb5eb925e663eef533b8c3f2b94eeceec1959c7d7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2503.06028","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2503.06028v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.06028","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4HJAZT","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4HJAZTKYN5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PXUJ4N4H","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:667b5835d6f34b8b8b718748d03f7d3611cf59a334bd159603e7e7d8aedcbc5d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2503.06028/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) enables decentralized clients to collaboratively train a global model under the orchestration of a central server without exposing their individual data. However, the iterative exchange of model parameters between the server and clients imposes heavy communication burdens, risks potential privacy leakage, and even precludes collaboration among heterogeneous clients. Distillation-based FL tackles these challenges by exchanging low-dimensional model outputs rather than model parameters, yet it highly relies on a task-relevant auxiliary dataset that is often not available ","authors_text":"Jin Wang, Xinge Ma, Xuejie Zhang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","title":"Data-Free Black-Box Federated Learning via Zeroth-Order Gradient Estimation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a66ee7057d9109286bd0898647a079a7d080ee161d3187eb2936fc354dd5f928","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1ef1d3b772b037b491373062916ee1e8b2520fb143d89ca8348c2037a7b5afe8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-03-08T03:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"32803c7e8b9dee4166eedbdb5eb925e663eef533b8c3f2b94eeceec1959c7d7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.06028","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"7de89e378748333561bd2116aa2ae77569b05b4edc8c162b07852f2a967e4511","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7de89e378748333561bd2116aa2ae77569b05b4edc8c162b07852f2a967e4511","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104007Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104007Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cY/rqq5xOIn2KXZ+WFcaAqYZuyyFg8eKL6KpFuB7ulhVqBp1rfY2s46c7uEtAfQ8QVknf3TG3/RMUKOG28V2BA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:26:52.104862Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2503.06028","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a66ee7057d9109286bd0898647a079a7d080ee161d3187eb2936fc354dd5f928","sha256:667b5835d6f34b8b8b718748d03f7d3611cf59a334bd159603e7e7d8aedcbc5d"],"state_sha256":"7ca636017041b782b105bdcf388a3f5e2c7d2914e89376552ba0d4b0d763828e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+CFU+IpoBu6gITUYQ//FsTP655eqMBrEy8g6CS4YFNKyKNBZG3WOTosTcgp/6IXD3HOM26wbmzkCaABCaLSfBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T16:13:47.614187Z","bundle_sha256":"e3542187316fdd0ffb91ab48b665a65c172975a3437b9dd64d4e37da2cf4b9cf"}}