{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3","short_pith_number":"pith:PYIMIZG7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"d8f02515b743ff9d352497e44be7de04b4af9eb059533b4f52e3d041513faeca","abstract_canon_sha256":"ebce5059796fa2a20f4afc49b8bed9c300cb8d9ab1f61294d2632566c3c08a3e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7e10c464df2d7983e66fc8f4ebad152eeaaf81d10e8bfe968779c50b22eda0c7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1904.02023","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.02023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.02023v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.02023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7FV4Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"d8f02515b743ff9d352497e44be7de04b4af9eb059533b4f52e3d041513faeca","abstract_canon_sha256":"ebce5059796fa2a20f4afc49b8bed9c300cb8d9ab1f61294d2632566c3c08a3e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7e10c464df2d7983e66fc8f4ebad152eeaaf81d10e8bfe968779c50b22eda0c7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.689612Z","signature_b64":"syA7vncjnf+hcRCfviKSQFnZV2UaAUkXIy4vJJMoeyfSmcXCtPXn3ZCiGBuX9hlQzaeAlGSDybDI2sHBIcRGAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7e10c464df2d7983e66fc8f4ebad152eeaaf81d10e8bfe968779c50b22eda0c7","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.688996Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.688996Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1904.02023","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UfvXn3AXKk1i48rFEjwiX9ANRpbo/EDTH9e0KKChcHte5RtdaUJ/XHdKxOPcS5+d7ObC7qjwuT4r8djEI2bTCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:21:11.469520Z"},"content_sha256":"7b8919e22d0d6777b0c8030063d0de1975d8908c964ea6a0325c25b6c5c18cc6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7b8919e22d0d6777b0c8030063d0de1975d8908c964ea6a0325c25b6c5c18cc6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Performance Analysis of Directional Modulation with Finite-quantized RF Phase Shifters in Analog Beamforming Structure","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["math.IT"],"primary_cat":"cs.IT","authors_text":"Feng Shu, Jiangzhou Wang, Jiayu Li, Jinsong Hu, Ling Xu, Ping Lu, Tingting Liu, Zhihong Zhuang","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"The radio frequency (RF) phase shifter with finite quantization bits in analog beamforming (AB) structure forms quantization error (QE) and causes a performance loss of received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver (called Bob). By using the law of large numbers in probability theory, the closed-form expression of SINR performance loss is derived to be inversely proportional to the square of sinc (or sin(x)/x) function. Here, a phase alignment method is applied in directional modulation transmitter with AB structure. Also, the secrecy rate (SR) expression is derived w"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VXIRPsvGWNRq5O5S4SaJ60uQmzXz3dFMQO5ujquIxZaxhEAnixk3KzoENBwvTw2NVUYKii8vYWOlnYM1LqD5CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:21:11.470147Z"},"content_sha256":"fb740002b821bbf8572a91aa7976a00f409761e2a6a963ad9427492fc4c3a3ff","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fb740002b821bbf8572a91aa7976a00f409761e2a6a963ad9427492fc4c3a3ff"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T21:21:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTPZD2OXLIVF3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ebce5059796fa2a20f4afc49b8bed9c300cb8d9ab1f61294d2632566c3c08a3e","cross_cats_sorted":["math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"d8f02515b743ff9d352497e44be7de04b4af9eb059533b4f52e3d041513faeca"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.02023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.02023v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.02023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7FV4Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7FV4YHZTP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PYIMIZG7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fb740002b821bbf8572a91aa7976a00f409761e2a6a963ad9427492fc4c3a3ff","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The radio frequency (RF) phase shifter with finite quantization bits in analog beamforming (AB) structure forms quantization error (QE) and causes a performance loss of received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver (called Bob). By using the law of large numbers in probability theory, the closed-form expression of SINR performance loss is derived to be inversely proportional to the square of sinc (or sin(x)/x) function. Here, a phase alignment method is applied in directional modulation transmitter with AB structure. Also, the secrecy rate (SR) expression is derived w","authors_text":"Feng Shu, Jiangzhou Wang, Jiayu Li, Jinsong Hu, Ling Xu, Ping Lu, Tingting Liu, Zhihong Zhuang","cross_cats":["math.IT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","title":"Performance Analysis of Directional Modulation with Finite-quantized RF Phase Shifters in Analog Beamforming Structure"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7b8919e22d0d6777b0c8030063d0de1975d8908c964ea6a0325c25b6c5c18cc6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ebce5059796fa2a20f4afc49b8bed9c300cb8d9ab1f61294d2632566c3c08a3e","cross_cats_sorted":["math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2019-04-03T14:28:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"d8f02515b743ff9d352497e44be7de04b4af9eb059533b4f52e3d041513faeca"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.02023","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"7e10c464df2d7983e66fc8f4ebad152eeaaf81d10e8bfe968779c50b22eda0c7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7e10c464df2d7983e66fc8f4ebad152eeaaf81d10e8bfe968779c50b22eda0c7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.688996Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.688996Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"syA7vncjnf+hcRCfviKSQFnZV2UaAUkXIy4vJJMoeyfSmcXCtPXn3ZCiGBuX9hlQzaeAlGSDybDI2sHBIcRGAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:48:59.689612Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1904.02023","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7b8919e22d0d6777b0c8030063d0de1975d8908c964ea6a0325c25b6c5c18cc6","sha256:fb740002b821bbf8572a91aa7976a00f409761e2a6a963ad9427492fc4c3a3ff"],"state_sha256":"fbd30f29d62b949d388a20e62c415408e59ede975553ad3c710e8f1e23e1eac2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"G7qRTc5LfG01gevrUrKS4L0S8up2UNit2eBbEPfRBh6e1ESZmTGgOfHcS7v2WMr3mTOkc9+mNG8YZLvMvjbEDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:21:11.472794Z","bundle_sha256":"c203e05cb3339281aa7d97648c9d49ece12515354b2b3288a225a6019dfc20a3"}}