{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ","short_pith_number":"pith:Q7E7QW5H","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"06bf4ece3447b1576d4b59f96df19468546bb255ccfb72b757ba165633c092dd","abstract_canon_sha256":"ac26d8c3ecae20e8cbcb51854b0e02b6305a5230eadf912d7c7952ec7dad88ce"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"87c9f85ba700fec2af20fb5c4c263a5a5001ad2e9a034fb9ecb31b3df1793af6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2010.05248","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.05248","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.05248v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.05248","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5HAD7M","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5H","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"06bf4ece3447b1576d4b59f96df19468546bb255ccfb72b757ba165633c092dd","abstract_canon_sha256":"ac26d8c3ecae20e8cbcb51854b0e02b6305a5230eadf912d7c7952ec7dad88ce"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"87c9f85ba700fec2af20fb5c4c263a5a5001ad2e9a034fb9ecb31b3df1793af6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.448200Z","signature_b64":"euB9tedmlxO7bvp3+YAEcm3hNDRQs+ejAMaXOjOogeH4MFe96QxibKy0F6uKkNSx6TtIPbP9KV8h/LXrB/C6Cg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"87c9f85ba700fec2af20fb5c4c263a5a5001ad2e9a034fb9ecb31b3df1793af6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.447864Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.447864Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2010.05248","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S9RQ8gViDGeMK0oQHwrvN4rkOa0Vox82pqD4OYcOaV6Yyi6aKNL3biOqBhDM0cPHkZUovHArh5KoOjFfrp84BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T15:46:25.812271Z"},"content_sha256":"a8483e9e5741e169dbca22c7a446a11cbac70c6042ae9b250f412d75514836a4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a8483e9e5741e169dbca22c7a446a11cbac70c6042ae9b250f412d75514836a4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Towards Accurate and Reliable Energy Measurement of NLP Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Aruna Balasubramanian, Niranjan Balasubramanian, Qingqing Cao","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy measurements are not accurate because they do not take into account hardware differences and how resource utilization affects energy consumption. We conduct energy measurement experiments with four different models for a question answering task. We quantify the error of existing software-based energy measurements by using a hardware power meter that provides highly accurate energy"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.05248/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"D4lmfoLhzkABi3J6rHGX1x0X5378zIaZV4HbXzSAgGSPwW9XijS5roRP7ioalm+mbGrgXrQubRa37XYUgqrCBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T15:46:25.812906Z"},"content_sha256":"a2b19e2400fa12b02974048e3dc172daef5d08f14a7a9d50cf3018113acd2d60","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a2b19e2400fa12b02974048e3dc172daef5d08f14a7a9d50cf3018113acd2d60"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T15:46:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA7NOEYJR2LJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ac26d8c3ecae20e8cbcb51854b0e02b6305a5230eadf912d7c7952ec7dad88ce","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"06bf4ece3447b1576d4b59f96df19468546bb255ccfb72b757ba165633c092dd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.05248","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.05248v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.05248","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5HAD7M","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5HAD7MFLZA","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Q7E7QW5H","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a2b19e2400fa12b02974048e3dc172daef5d08f14a7a9d50cf3018113acd2d60","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2010.05248/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy measurements are not accurate because they do not take into account hardware differences and how resource utilization affects energy consumption. We conduct energy measurement experiments with four different models for a question answering task. We quantify the error of existing software-based energy measurements by using a hardware power meter that provides highly accurate energy","authors_text":"Aruna Balasubramanian, Niranjan Balasubramanian, Qingqing Cao","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","title":"Towards Accurate and Reliable Energy Measurement of NLP Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a8483e9e5741e169dbca22c7a446a11cbac70c6042ae9b250f412d75514836a4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ac26d8c3ecae20e8cbcb51854b0e02b6305a5230eadf912d7c7952ec7dad88ce","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-10-11T13:44:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"06bf4ece3447b1576d4b59f96df19468546bb255ccfb72b757ba165633c092dd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.05248","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"87c9f85ba700fec2af20fb5c4c263a5a5001ad2e9a034fb9ecb31b3df1793af6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"87c9f85ba700fec2af20fb5c4c263a5a5001ad2e9a034fb9ecb31b3df1793af6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.447864Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.447864Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"euB9tedmlxO7bvp3+YAEcm3hNDRQs+ejAMaXOjOogeH4MFe96QxibKy0F6uKkNSx6TtIPbP9KV8h/LXrB/C6Cg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:42:04.448200Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2010.05248","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a8483e9e5741e169dbca22c7a446a11cbac70c6042ae9b250f412d75514836a4","sha256:a2b19e2400fa12b02974048e3dc172daef5d08f14a7a9d50cf3018113acd2d60"],"state_sha256":"e3280400a3634f62d89ca6356780b9b59b71d2ffbb1253979c7e18b98b3f003e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XAD33c9xK3ij21SZ0Rq6i9yoC8Yh68OL1RuRNC5Ck/nIeJoUczfHW6OhPmGK18ibji6JR0U2HPa+c3dlSQlmCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T15:46:25.818911Z","bundle_sha256":"196a185c1724a66ce789dc85ac7d521025fe10c60cb18934e04df8ecc2d48a2a"}}