{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV","short_pith_number":"pith:QAWHUBC6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ac6cbb060a06b5cd6c5cd0dd6cb708f651c8e6ecbbdd691a02bfbc4e4443e1a9","abstract_canon_sha256":"1e81675c4fbf7d81da95ef28a47d4f8e926327fe4b1d5b760b623cd1b38ce637"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"802c7a045ea4dce6c98935e2684b66757b3dfbfcb456aa9202d1c9756acbb257","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2211.11455","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.11455","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.11455v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.11455","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6UTOO","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ac6cbb060a06b5cd6c5cd0dd6cb708f651c8e6ecbbdd691a02bfbc4e4443e1a9","abstract_canon_sha256":"1e81675c4fbf7d81da95ef28a47d4f8e926327fe4b1d5b760b623cd1b38ce637"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"802c7a045ea4dce6c98935e2684b66757b3dfbfcb456aa9202d1c9756acbb257","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.800050Z","signature_b64":"ldbGHMzQo2wumxZAiBu+ZC5zTyfzP28+85ajpVPKUA335isJNWNwwWIjBssFvlKJuUKRZUA4KFRFtoJjAgVOBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"802c7a045ea4dce6c98935e2684b66757b3dfbfcb456aa9202d1c9756acbb257","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.799594Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.799594Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2211.11455","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0DLpyFgt4GHACWFgb35idHX2SlXHS6bfiK0m0aQQkZNV2shoShEK2ZW7xiLN9u+HOEnRx9UVQCE/91FwGrLRAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T14:02:45.056471Z"},"content_sha256":"7e83ed7a83cbbeb992be5491c64e3b81e7495bb8d9b7758994a43d7e46725218","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7e83ed7a83cbbeb992be5491c64e3b81e7495bb8d9b7758994a43d7e46725218"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Backdoor Attacks on Multiagent Collaborative Systems","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.MA","authors_text":"Jie Zhang, Shuo Chen, Yue Qiu","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","abstract_excerpt":"Backdoor attacks on reinforcement learning implant a backdoor in a victim agent's policy. Once the victim observes the trigger signal, it will switch to the abnormal mode and fail its task. Most of the attacks assume the adversary can arbitrarily modify the victim's observations, which may not be practical. One work proposes to let one adversary agent use its actions to affect its opponent in two-agent competitive games, so that the opponent quickly fails after observing certain trigger actions. However, in multiagent collaborative systems, agents may not always be able to observe others. When"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2211.11455/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CATtL2xv1ZI7Gymme3PbANnOxjxZMQXwAxWMVRk+Rw3amu774CW5NP5s4WXuZ3erySyWVE3kgXUwqS24oTKaCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T14:02:45.057389Z"},"content_sha256":"41f317eada98e9abdad7c8943fae08c0959fe1f41f0ad7de8d265135ab60d5b8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:41f317eada98e9abdad7c8943fae08c0959fe1f41f0ad7de8d265135ab60d5b8"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T14:02:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJGXRGQS3GOV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1e81675c4fbf7d81da95ef28a47d4f8e926327fe4b1d5b760b623cd1b38ce637","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"ac6cbb060a06b5cd6c5cd0dd6cb708f651c8e6ecbbdd691a02bfbc4e4443e1a9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2211.11455","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2211.11455v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.11455","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6UTOO","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6UTOONSMJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QAWHUBC6","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:41f317eada98e9abdad7c8943fae08c0959fe1f41f0ad7de8d265135ab60d5b8","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2211.11455/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Backdoor attacks on reinforcement learning implant a backdoor in a victim agent's policy. Once the victim observes the trigger signal, it will switch to the abnormal mode and fail its task. Most of the attacks assume the adversary can arbitrarily modify the victim's observations, which may not be practical. One work proposes to let one adversary agent use its actions to affect its opponent in two-agent competitive games, so that the opponent quickly fails after observing certain trigger actions. However, in multiagent collaborative systems, agents may not always be able to observe others. When","authors_text":"Jie Zhang, Shuo Chen, Yue Qiu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","title":"Backdoor Attacks on Multiagent Collaborative Systems"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7e83ed7a83cbbeb992be5491c64e3b81e7495bb8d9b7758994a43d7e46725218","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1e81675c4fbf7d81da95ef28a47d4f8e926327fe4b1d5b760b623cd1b38ce637","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2022-11-21T13:44:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"ac6cbb060a06b5cd6c5cd0dd6cb708f651c8e6ecbbdd691a02bfbc4e4443e1a9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2211.11455","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"802c7a045ea4dce6c98935e2684b66757b3dfbfcb456aa9202d1c9756acbb257","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"802c7a045ea4dce6c98935e2684b66757b3dfbfcb456aa9202d1c9756acbb257","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.799594Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.799594Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ldbGHMzQo2wumxZAiBu+ZC5zTyfzP28+85ajpVPKUA335isJNWNwwWIjBssFvlKJuUKRZUA4KFRFtoJjAgVOBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:53.800050Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2211.11455","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7e83ed7a83cbbeb992be5491c64e3b81e7495bb8d9b7758994a43d7e46725218","sha256:41f317eada98e9abdad7c8943fae08c0959fe1f41f0ad7de8d265135ab60d5b8"],"state_sha256":"76162b1e0e282cd07b2447e39584e5d4316684b88a49eb46872ebbce2b1c1089"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1nKYUQs0/uayCdARpVn28OcJ78QlQc8meNLf/tSMaOIEONiZbaYN/dwBZ/1dh3deLUU1zSOiFEevEA4yuQ2/Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T14:02:45.063034Z","bundle_sha256":"90f6d16ae6ccc1011c46d00bb5b35522b771d259b3759731eabcdac10a33173e"}}