{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6","short_pith_number":"pith:QBL5TWOS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"d2ef4cd309509ccbfa1348f97438fd2e9a28ea87a3bcebf773e4215469402bf1","abstract_canon_sha256":"c9070622714940f4fef7a47cbb135d85e9a405260634c6bb38f3a5ca762f04f3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8057d9d9d218ce3196cd8f84d867e28fb191894155fe5a3f78cae8651c3be75a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1010.5693","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1010.5693","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1010.5693v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1010.5693","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QBL5TWOSDDHD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QBL5TWOS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"d2ef4cd309509ccbfa1348f97438fd2e9a28ea87a3bcebf773e4215469402bf1","abstract_canon_sha256":"c9070622714940f4fef7a47cbb135d85e9a405260634c6bb38f3a5ca762f04f3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8057d9d9d218ce3196cd8f84d867e28fb191894155fe5a3f78cae8651c3be75a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165760Z","signature_b64":"s+YgJq5h7LQ9EKo6H0z2IiCojAIvSfEhvoDNA4PT64uD3yRUlfPEier/AuWSJAENeIK8HzM6IGwjnw5wJ+BZAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8057d9d9d218ce3196cd8f84d867e28fb191894155fe5a3f78cae8651c3be75a","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165297Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165297Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1010.5693","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HKVogHa7VqWvfoV/bXqmtL9DF66+sMMWjDIUWfgMsbcnCCAMiEQyr4QP8vZZGPCK5AFlF0CYJARjUcZYelV4BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T12:44:34.079978Z"},"content_sha256":"a62be7a24d39bec47dedf302f3d74f5c92a27e00842070df9d872438ea7b45f9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a62be7a24d39bec47dedf302f3d74f5c92a27e00842070df9d872438ea7b45f9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A theory of extra radiation in the Universe","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"hep-ph","authors_text":"Fuminobu Takahashi, Kazunori Nakayama, Tsutomu T. Yanagida","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent cosmological observations, such as the measurement of the primordial 4He abundance, CMB, and large scale structure, give preference to the existence of extra radiation component, Delta N_nu > 0. The extra radiation may be accounted for by particles which were in thermal equilibrium and decoupled before the big bang nucleosynthesis. Broadly speaking, there are two possibilities: 1) there are about 10 particles which have very weak couplings to the standard model particles and decoupled much before the QCD phase transition; 2) there is one or a few light particles with a reasonably strong"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wF6OJPd2VKJAAd/0a6ZXZP+5Y9Rw4Se5uCBFCaY0Hw7ryBRQeIdZwIJuuVVzoHPtaxrseOcYJ/IeWt59NC1SAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T12:44:34.080429Z"},"content_sha256":"857b3cc4c5d5e8c04aef7521d7a5ba9ec0f342144dd6374482e049373d8c7a08","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:857b3cc4c5d5e8c04aef7521d7a5ba9ec0f342144dd6374482e049373d8c7a08"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-08T12:44:34Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWNR6CNQZ7CR6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c9070622714940f4fef7a47cbb135d85e9a405260634c6bb38f3a5ca762f04f3","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"d2ef4cd309509ccbfa1348f97438fd2e9a28ea87a3bcebf773e4215469402bf1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1010.5693","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1010.5693v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1010.5693","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QBL5TWOSDDHD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QBL5TWOSDDHDDFWN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QBL5TWOS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:857b3cc4c5d5e8c04aef7521d7a5ba9ec0f342144dd6374482e049373d8c7a08","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent cosmological observations, such as the measurement of the primordial 4He abundance, CMB, and large scale structure, give preference to the existence of extra radiation component, Delta N_nu > 0. The extra radiation may be accounted for by particles which were in thermal equilibrium and decoupled before the big bang nucleosynthesis. Broadly speaking, there are two possibilities: 1) there are about 10 particles which have very weak couplings to the standard model particles and decoupled much before the QCD phase transition; 2) there is one or a few light particles with a reasonably strong","authors_text":"Fuminobu Takahashi, Kazunori Nakayama, Tsutomu T. Yanagida","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","title":"A theory of extra radiation in the Universe"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a62be7a24d39bec47dedf302f3d74f5c92a27e00842070df9d872438ea7b45f9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c9070622714940f4fef7a47cbb135d85e9a405260634c6bb38f3a5ca762f04f3","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2010-10-27T14:08:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"d2ef4cd309509ccbfa1348f97438fd2e9a28ea87a3bcebf773e4215469402bf1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1010.5693","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"8057d9d9d218ce3196cd8f84d867e28fb191894155fe5a3f78cae8651c3be75a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8057d9d9d218ce3196cd8f84d867e28fb191894155fe5a3f78cae8651c3be75a","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165297Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165297Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"s+YgJq5h7LQ9EKo6H0z2IiCojAIvSfEhvoDNA4PT64uD3yRUlfPEier/AuWSJAENeIK8HzM6IGwjnw5wJ+BZAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:19:23.165760Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1010.5693","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a62be7a24d39bec47dedf302f3d74f5c92a27e00842070df9d872438ea7b45f9","sha256:857b3cc4c5d5e8c04aef7521d7a5ba9ec0f342144dd6374482e049373d8c7a08"],"state_sha256":"70b053e0d17f84ed25313f922b6135ae91122adc5802e6baaf8ba9596ce1135a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BycN+w51yt4yFAozyenRJbswd1YS18n1wfeIITwALAEijuQh4E5ejGjwWUBaK3rcN05R7JabvvhvjOTARDwiBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T12:44:34.082483Z","bundle_sha256":"83bf7be85347cd9a6c8af5b593c08dfc6f8ac4676ab99f1271b5df904444d0fa"}}