{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF","short_pith_number":"pith:QKBQLTYP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fd9bc95cbaa26af15cd7169ff61de0eabd9afb5d13abaaf10f5c6b861fd9c8a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"03a164ba7bcf22ffdd6c364f3332d00692b7f1a96223eb968e21cfa8e0056070"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"828305cf0fb4ec45f593c7f3e1a74b094066c130ddbdfd2aaad959332bab0ab6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.01223","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.01223","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.01223v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.01223","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QKBQLTYPWTWE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MT","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QKBQLTYP","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fd9bc95cbaa26af15cd7169ff61de0eabd9afb5d13abaaf10f5c6b861fd9c8a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"03a164ba7bcf22ffdd6c364f3332d00692b7f1a96223eb968e21cfa8e0056070"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"828305cf0fb4ec45f593c7f3e1a74b094066c130ddbdfd2aaad959332bab0ab6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.013089Z","signature_b64":"Kpo67wRdJUt2dsxxG/EvfvqwqRUEuGzgsXMu8fbw6Zy8Y2GW5cZEnccM35+UEDD/6WvqIXp7yz3xRDKfjBIjAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"828305cf0fb4ec45f593c7f3e1a74b094066c130ddbdfd2aaad959332bab0ab6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.012665Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.012665Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2106.01223","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AEbCuVPdKi2Lt+SCgO0mn0WrWSiTtjmWyNFRXwv+5SHjQYduATwl29uIfhgVt7YJOP1Fxfv+zKoit+cVrzdICQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:43:22.915134Z"},"content_sha256":"c3b1782461a2011e72207f0c2e555eb1eaf49bae2348708fc2548409080a8ced","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c3b1782461a2011e72207f0c2e555eb1eaf49bae2348708fc2548409080a8ced"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Unified Generative Framework for Various NER Subtasks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Hang Yan, Junqi Dai, Qipeng Guo, Tao Gui, Xipeng Qiu, Zheng Zhang","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of identifying spans that represent entities in sentences. Whether the entity spans are nested or discontinuous, the NER task can be categorized into the flat NER, nested NER, and discontinuous NER subtasks. These subtasks have been mainly solved by the token-level sequence labelling or span-level classification. However, these solutions can hardly tackle the three kinds of NER subtasks concurrently. To that end, we propose to formulate the NER subtasks as an entity span sequence generation task, which can be solved by a unified sequence-to-sequence ("},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.01223/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Oy02Q7n/Pi1ilxfzbrGWVugCxwuEdEM8lX8Aq1vsq8Y/Q6jTrFrmGY/64rzODJiDOCIT4xRm9iUs/6uYwHL1Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:43:22.915729Z"},"content_sha256":"5c34870ca6f13789959c5e6384a0d38889e99100a694a6e405a827b4711bb0ac","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5c34870ca6f13789959c5e6384a0d38889e99100a694a6e405a827b4711bb0ac"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T00:43:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MTY7Z6DJ2LBF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"03a164ba7bcf22ffdd6c364f3332d00692b7f1a96223eb968e21cfa8e0056070","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd9bc95cbaa26af15cd7169ff61de0eabd9afb5d13abaaf10f5c6b861fd9c8a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.01223","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.01223v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.01223","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QKBQLTYPWTWE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QKBQLTYPWTWEL5MT","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QKBQLTYP","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5c34870ca6f13789959c5e6384a0d38889e99100a694a6e405a827b4711bb0ac","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2106.01223/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of identifying spans that represent entities in sentences. Whether the entity spans are nested or discontinuous, the NER task can be categorized into the flat NER, nested NER, and discontinuous NER subtasks. These subtasks have been mainly solved by the token-level sequence labelling or span-level classification. However, these solutions can hardly tackle the three kinds of NER subtasks concurrently. To that end, we propose to formulate the NER subtasks as an entity span sequence generation task, which can be solved by a unified sequence-to-sequence (","authors_text":"Hang Yan, Junqi Dai, Qipeng Guo, Tao Gui, Xipeng Qiu, Zheng Zhang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","title":"A Unified Generative Framework for Various NER Subtasks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c3b1782461a2011e72207f0c2e555eb1eaf49bae2348708fc2548409080a8ced","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"03a164ba7bcf22ffdd6c364f3332d00692b7f1a96223eb968e21cfa8e0056070","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-02T15:19:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd9bc95cbaa26af15cd7169ff61de0eabd9afb5d13abaaf10f5c6b861fd9c8a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.01223","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"828305cf0fb4ec45f593c7f3e1a74b094066c130ddbdfd2aaad959332bab0ab6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"828305cf0fb4ec45f593c7f3e1a74b094066c130ddbdfd2aaad959332bab0ab6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.012665Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.012665Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Kpo67wRdJUt2dsxxG/EvfvqwqRUEuGzgsXMu8fbw6Zy8Y2GW5cZEnccM35+UEDD/6WvqIXp7yz3xRDKfjBIjAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:45.013089Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2106.01223","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c3b1782461a2011e72207f0c2e555eb1eaf49bae2348708fc2548409080a8ced","sha256:5c34870ca6f13789959c5e6384a0d38889e99100a694a6e405a827b4711bb0ac"],"state_sha256":"e74a23dfd5ad37d6c6376b49ac7728869349cf85460067208a9e403de734e069"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EexAKYgyRI9CaJuKi3vMcQo+O2lL3+OosZiMCj9DPwMjVzPXHGvMxGzyk5O2IBSR/delDEM7149QFd2++He/Dw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:43:22.920953Z","bundle_sha256":"ba206e1b7f6864f3f4be55148768813e34e1986f4a46440dfc6dec7d86775932"}}