{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F","short_pith_number":"pith:QLX5R7SS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.plasm-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"b514f5ffddb67c1e9ccccde79fe2f1e3f63c136d434ee5640777fde3f0cdc024","abstract_canon_sha256":"18a55de21afa749d3ba9160d2bf290d2748b25755b532359deffd7119069db75"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"82efd8fe52a6cf72d4534212d20b9fd949d452c70c5b2c8be4aaf45de2b5c806","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2007.07291","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2007.07291","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2007.07291v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2007.07291","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QLX5R7SSU3HX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QLX5R7SS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.plasm-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"b514f5ffddb67c1e9ccccde79fe2f1e3f63c136d434ee5640777fde3f0cdc024","abstract_canon_sha256":"18a55de21afa749d3ba9160d2bf290d2748b25755b532359deffd7119069db75"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"82efd8fe52a6cf72d4534212d20b9fd949d452c70c5b2c8be4aaf45de2b5c806","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525550Z","signature_b64":"eINtTh+Yr76UdcGBwB9VgtANONekgMjTAAt1w5t2MCBCm1d5VS6+R6TY6Tb+FpH/2GKiRmDxZjTQOR7d1fbSBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"82efd8fe52a6cf72d4534212d20b9fd949d452c70c5b2c8be4aaf45de2b5c806","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525183Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525183Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2007.07291","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jR80rSGAp0nKieqbU9Y7cl5BclrFDOdy1EUT3Gs1DhEOVSWxf+GAgM9XCdFh2Af1f2bbF/KRR0VHSfFi+bZ8BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-17T05:34:00.193602Z"},"content_sha256":"e329a422959599809b35c2f02bd44b6eedc7205086d7d6ca84961e1a01273c6b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e329a422959599809b35c2f02bd44b6eedc7205086d7d6ca84961e1a01273c6b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A simple, heuristic derivation of the Balescu-Lenard kinetic equation for stellar systems","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.plasm-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Cambridge), Chris Hamilton (DAMTP","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"The unshielded nature of gravity means that stellar systems are inherently inhomogeneous. As a result, stars do not move in straight lines. This obvious fact severely complicates the kinetic theory of stellar systems because position and velocity turn out to be poor coordinates with which to describe stellar orbits - instead, one must use angle-action variables. Moreover, the slow relaxation of star clusters and galaxies can be enhanced or suppressed by collective interactions ('polarisation' effects) involving many stars simultaneously. These collective effects are also present in plasmas; in"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2007.07291/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"I7do73oZmxyE+IaPG2+tk5/Sbpfmks24SUNe40vgYwDdePqHgoPahFHwbmaAX+SqkiyBrlZ8CoUk7pnrSfcvCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-17T05:34:00.193972Z"},"content_sha256":"43059fa6bd70e70945ebeb904375915254ca894bed5b110b3b07809626cd2c02","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:43059fa6bd70e70945ebeb904375915254ca894bed5b110b3b07809626cd2c02"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-17T05:34:00Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCTIIJNEC473F","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"18a55de21afa749d3ba9160d2bf290d2748b25755b532359deffd7119069db75","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.plasm-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"b514f5ffddb67c1e9ccccde79fe2f1e3f63c136d434ee5640777fde3f0cdc024"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2007.07291","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2007.07291v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2007.07291","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QLX5R7SSU3HX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QLX5R7SSU3HXFVCT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QLX5R7SS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:43059fa6bd70e70945ebeb904375915254ca894bed5b110b3b07809626cd2c02","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2007.07291/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The unshielded nature of gravity means that stellar systems are inherently inhomogeneous. As a result, stars do not move in straight lines. This obvious fact severely complicates the kinetic theory of stellar systems because position and velocity turn out to be poor coordinates with which to describe stellar orbits - instead, one must use angle-action variables. Moreover, the slow relaxation of star clusters and galaxies can be enhanced or suppressed by collective interactions ('polarisation' effects) involving many stars simultaneously. These collective effects are also present in plasmas; in","authors_text":"Cambridge), Chris Hamilton (DAMTP","cross_cats":["physics.plasm-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","title":"A simple, heuristic derivation of the Balescu-Lenard kinetic equation for stellar systems"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e329a422959599809b35c2f02bd44b6eedc7205086d7d6ca84961e1a01273c6b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"18a55de21afa749d3ba9160d2bf290d2748b25755b532359deffd7119069db75","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.plasm-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2020-07-14T18:41:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"b514f5ffddb67c1e9ccccde79fe2f1e3f63c136d434ee5640777fde3f0cdc024"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2007.07291","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"82efd8fe52a6cf72d4534212d20b9fd949d452c70c5b2c8be4aaf45de2b5c806","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"82efd8fe52a6cf72d4534212d20b9fd949d452c70c5b2c8be4aaf45de2b5c806","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525183Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525183Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eINtTh+Yr76UdcGBwB9VgtANONekgMjTAAt1w5t2MCBCm1d5VS6+R6TY6Tb+FpH/2GKiRmDxZjTQOR7d1fbSBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:59:50.525550Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2007.07291","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e329a422959599809b35c2f02bd44b6eedc7205086d7d6ca84961e1a01273c6b","sha256:43059fa6bd70e70945ebeb904375915254ca894bed5b110b3b07809626cd2c02"],"state_sha256":"3f2c08aacc0e55dfd2f0dc67d8170aea6a8c570e802be2ba99238c43182dffb6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EjZoqY4zQycNZDO+K7BDBWERh2Aew6tzMv1feY82wAdVatE/DRhy+SBc3T/mnTYZaf2CKzXi4CVg0tXzu384CA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-17T05:34:00.196437Z","bundle_sha256":"1fcb6d465b3f7a849444c8f597614c430d978ca48bab45120f365101e17f2e08"}}