{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV","short_pith_number":"pith:QMBPTN72","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"792df776354077f0148f4f584e7a0fbc0ac6ae949e43dd0da838e8fd5589e984","abstract_canon_sha256":"cd7bc19f05230bc79394276cbf60e7587e6240525945994286c0e5147f5d7ae6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8302f9b7fa65a61fabed41aca4975f2561a2337f8899ceb2b6ea4d4c6375a857","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2110.08130","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.08130","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.08130v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.08130","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QMBPTN72MWTB","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QMBPTN72MWTB7K7N","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QMBPTN72","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"792df776354077f0148f4f584e7a0fbc0ac6ae949e43dd0da838e8fd5589e984","abstract_canon_sha256":"cd7bc19f05230bc79394276cbf60e7587e6240525945994286c0e5147f5d7ae6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8302f9b7fa65a61fabed41aca4975f2561a2337f8899ceb2b6ea4d4c6375a857","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.717409Z","signature_b64":"8eGVr88k3ko3yv4w1NXTuJc++fvzPPCD4Kr+qPW59udumxmZti82jjIhrCcrVDHoujNDnS4UmtEOpSm67hDyCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8302f9b7fa65a61fabed41aca4975f2561a2337f8899ceb2b6ea4d4c6375a857","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.716935Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.716935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2110.08130","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BwMt9LjefQZJ7sLqGckni13/4zes/XMsiHqbq0RL/DRcwXOxXUTyfbt3g3tUJItRD5C0vimOj7sE1wAFWsdcDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:59:40.011318Z"},"content_sha256":"2f830d494b7b10631a2403cf7ef2affab90f653d9e1cc0b8c166e03a77e40283","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2f830d494b7b10631a2403cf7ef2affab90f653d9e1cc0b8c166e03a77e40283"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Breaking Down Multilingual Machine Translation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Graham Neubig, Ting-Rui Chiang, Yi-Pei Chen, Yi-Ting Yeh","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"While multilingual training is now an essential ingredient in machine translation (MT) systems, recent work has demonstrated that it has different effects in different multilingual settings, such as many-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many learning. These training settings expose the encoder and the decoder in a machine translation model with different data distributions. In this paper, we examine how different varieties of multilingual training contribute to learning these two components of the MT model. Specifically, we compare bilingual models with encoders and/or decoders initialized by "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2110.08130/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xG39MCAaLVueZqS6u/PaKegWtOiEpwawiHlSpuN14vSTG05ThBypmsHDfKWIRMXTy09b1oudB9jAQnkrPDzTCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:59:40.011743Z"},"content_sha256":"98e97fef060fe58b9c0781a184e0a81f8eb1ae5cd8a4fbdb5c11139b02fca646","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:98e97fef060fe58b9c0781a184e0a81f8eb1ae5cd8a4fbdb5c11139b02fca646"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T09:59:40Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:QMBPTN72MWTB7K7NIGWKJF27EV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cd7bc19f05230bc79394276cbf60e7587e6240525945994286c0e5147f5d7ae6","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"792df776354077f0148f4f584e7a0fbc0ac6ae949e43dd0da838e8fd5589e984"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.08130","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.08130v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.08130","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QMBPTN72MWTB","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QMBPTN72MWTB7K7N","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QMBPTN72","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:98e97fef060fe58b9c0781a184e0a81f8eb1ae5cd8a4fbdb5c11139b02fca646","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2110.08130/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"While multilingual training is now an essential ingredient in machine translation (MT) systems, recent work has demonstrated that it has different effects in different multilingual settings, such as many-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many learning. These training settings expose the encoder and the decoder in a machine translation model with different data distributions. In this paper, we examine how different varieties of multilingual training contribute to learning these two components of the MT model. Specifically, we compare bilingual models with encoders and/or decoders initialized by ","authors_text":"Graham Neubig, Ting-Rui Chiang, Yi-Pei Chen, Yi-Ting Yeh","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","title":"Breaking Down Multilingual Machine Translation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2f830d494b7b10631a2403cf7ef2affab90f653d9e1cc0b8c166e03a77e40283","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cd7bc19f05230bc79394276cbf60e7587e6240525945994286c0e5147f5d7ae6","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-10-15T14:57:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"792df776354077f0148f4f584e7a0fbc0ac6ae949e43dd0da838e8fd5589e984"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.08130","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"8302f9b7fa65a61fabed41aca4975f2561a2337f8899ceb2b6ea4d4c6375a857","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8302f9b7fa65a61fabed41aca4975f2561a2337f8899ceb2b6ea4d4c6375a857","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.716935Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.716935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8eGVr88k3ko3yv4w1NXTuJc++fvzPPCD4Kr+qPW59udumxmZti82jjIhrCcrVDHoujNDnS4UmtEOpSm67hDyCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:11:27.717409Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2110.08130","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2f830d494b7b10631a2403cf7ef2affab90f653d9e1cc0b8c166e03a77e40283","sha256:98e97fef060fe58b9c0781a184e0a81f8eb1ae5cd8a4fbdb5c11139b02fca646"],"state_sha256":"52e83de3fa46c6af216af04007466139b60c0e8fa6b7d0f36ed75f921b115933"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CvNv1ZFtfFBEMEcPdsWXjM+6UM9/zn5gV0aHUBL5YXbBB2DQFlnvX74+Om+BdKPIDV8OwXmlPMFJJQVB6r+hDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:59:40.015738Z","bundle_sha256":"44f1a54a2ddce0915aeebddcf94add29ad2984546c43b29cf0ab47fbe07aa587"}}