{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6","short_pith_number":"pith:QRN4RD4J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"title_canon_sha256":"99a50bababc9fdf371e4c67c6c4fe7092576b4c412552ea174e043b09b3a1710","abstract_canon_sha256":"f9921000ced6750105817934ce904bcc541f721f0eae2dab806db81da9736b02"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"845bc88f89719bf188e5fdac2041f8bfbf2842ea6afc11eb9f65a7b5947bfc68","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1604.08094","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1604.08094","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1604.08094v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1604.08094","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QRN4RD4JOGN7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QRN4RD4J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"title_canon_sha256":"99a50bababc9fdf371e4c67c6c4fe7092576b4c412552ea174e043b09b3a1710","abstract_canon_sha256":"f9921000ced6750105817934ce904bcc541f721f0eae2dab806db81da9736b02"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"845bc88f89719bf188e5fdac2041f8bfbf2842ea6afc11eb9f65a7b5947bfc68","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751496Z","signature_b64":"mKQfnIRtVb4fx+5lgRFyae9haKezWoV5cHZBg5cgJIoCZIj+Hu70CSY32kIfbWoynGCgGX3kvADeJYv8oSl0AQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"845bc88f89719bf188e5fdac2041f8bfbf2842ea6afc11eb9f65a7b5947bfc68","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751032Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751032Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1604.08094","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AB8B/GKdtJPyN0MFnpmHaod5edHrMoHh8lRJhgcBEQX9k3n+W1Yco6wMRkoSL1VSwExLzPpz7d+i99mJ9L1CCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:26:41.341962Z"},"content_sha256":"572b5bc8e26d8243381b178c224f0faefd0a573daaaaaadd5d7c0fb916008bc5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:572b5bc8e26d8243381b178c224f0faefd0a573daaaaaadd5d7c0fb916008bc5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Optimal processes for probabilistic work extraction beyond the second law","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Andrea Mari, Vasco Cavina, Vittorio Giovannetti","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"According to the second law of thermodynamics, for every transformation performed on a system which is in contact with an environment of fixed temperature, the extracted work is bounded by the decrease of the free energy of the system. However, in a single realization of a generic process, the extracted work is subject to statistical fluctuations which may allow for probabilistic violations of the previous bound. We are interested in enhancing this effect, i.e. we look for thermodynamic processes that maximize the probability of extracting work above a given arbitrary threshold. For any proces"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"W1s56yte1N9RU1pnKSOLiCQFqDMjQ2/iIu0lY6/pXxyEDMAJvQmjX3P9CDgB76EihsyVR0AbBKN3wutQmm5fCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:26:41.342358Z"},"content_sha256":"9da3a301c9f2ce43d68b8d59f24819a600ff5a53a9439aaea3d82386b3fded85","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9da3a301c9f2ce43d68b8d59f24819a600ff5a53a9439aaea3d82386b3fded85"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T19:26:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF7WWCAQPYX6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f9921000ced6750105817934ce904bcc541f721f0eae2dab806db81da9736b02","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"99a50bababc9fdf371e4c67c6c4fe7092576b4c412552ea174e043b09b3a1710"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1604.08094","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1604.08094v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1604.08094","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QRN4RD4JOGN7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QRN4RD4JOGN7DCHF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QRN4RD4J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9da3a301c9f2ce43d68b8d59f24819a600ff5a53a9439aaea3d82386b3fded85","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"According to the second law of thermodynamics, for every transformation performed on a system which is in contact with an environment of fixed temperature, the extracted work is bounded by the decrease of the free energy of the system. However, in a single realization of a generic process, the extracted work is subject to statistical fluctuations which may allow for probabilistic violations of the previous bound. We are interested in enhancing this effect, i.e. we look for thermodynamic processes that maximize the probability of extracting work above a given arbitrary threshold. For any proces","authors_text":"Andrea Mari, Vasco Cavina, Vittorio Giovannetti","cross_cats":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","title":"Optimal processes for probabilistic work extraction beyond the second law"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:572b5bc8e26d8243381b178c224f0faefd0a573daaaaaadd5d7c0fb916008bc5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f9921000ced6750105817934ce904bcc541f721f0eae2dab806db81da9736b02","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2016-04-27T14:54:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"99a50bababc9fdf371e4c67c6c4fe7092576b4c412552ea174e043b09b3a1710"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1604.08094","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"845bc88f89719bf188e5fdac2041f8bfbf2842ea6afc11eb9f65a7b5947bfc68","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"845bc88f89719bf188e5fdac2041f8bfbf2842ea6afc11eb9f65a7b5947bfc68","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751032Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751032Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"mKQfnIRtVb4fx+5lgRFyae9haKezWoV5cHZBg5cgJIoCZIj+Hu70CSY32kIfbWoynGCgGX3kvADeJYv8oSl0AQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:11:04.751496Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1604.08094","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:572b5bc8e26d8243381b178c224f0faefd0a573daaaaaadd5d7c0fb916008bc5","sha256:9da3a301c9f2ce43d68b8d59f24819a600ff5a53a9439aaea3d82386b3fded85"],"state_sha256":"cbd7a6ef7944e0b98d665e00f63919508531b7ca37ccf85157a649fc2aea4743"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sS/rMoLWB4vnnX/WLew6I46gWFP26P6LkefC/sT6xDsQendzRmy2ivagaazASAZeHGYUNaGe4ngvehi9WXoaBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:26:41.345475Z","bundle_sha256":"aca959f1aac28d1ef76c59af982bc1c4479660e98e4a6e2eb6a85fccee8f3317"}}