{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA","short_pith_number":"pith:QULILKXD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"77dd7c82c4dd10c088c92ffa6631dcb5062b3ef40eeb0d720726cd9de779575e","abstract_canon_sha256":"b548965812d3d20f6b7b7ceeba777ce59b74e9da01a84cb1bf10a0bc32ebe2fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"851685aae3f41c10d7f8f202374b72a826feda5dfc5d310fe4b68deba8c17987","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1904.06031","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.06031","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.06031v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.06031","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QULILKXD6QOB","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QULILKXD","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"77dd7c82c4dd10c088c92ffa6631dcb5062b3ef40eeb0d720726cd9de779575e","abstract_canon_sha256":"b548965812d3d20f6b7b7ceeba777ce59b74e9da01a84cb1bf10a0bc32ebe2fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"851685aae3f41c10d7f8f202374b72a826feda5dfc5d310fe4b68deba8c17987","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490988Z","signature_b64":"Pv2yPZ8M3YRja/+KDONND/a61GQm/ClyonLH3k/CXkXnHWXVCwwbeqOydFv9yHCMHef3VuHYHbNPT0cUG/UdBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"851685aae3f41c10d7f8f202374b72a826feda5dfc5d310fe4b68deba8c17987","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490529Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490529Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1904.06031","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tKso2nnVRK1MhpmsPYVTvn0X/w/0pNnj1xffVzjHWhpDv81ALGjW8czoVtWzzCDp2L6bTSDf3u2qfzVZ83AsCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:41:57.311387Z"},"content_sha256":"7f2aead848e111543b5122800c88cf3c87388f558fc7534ced005b76bff1b5b5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7f2aead848e111543b5122800c88cf3c87388f558fc7534ced005b76bff1b5b5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"EvalNorm: Estimating Batch Normalization Statistics for Evaluation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Abhinav Shrivastava, Saurabh Singh","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Batch normalization (BN) has been very effective for deep learning and is widely used. However, when training with small minibatches, models using BN exhibit a significant degradation in performance. In this paper we study this peculiar behavior of BN to gain a better understanding of the problem, and identify a cause. We propose 'EvalNorm' to address the issue by estimating corrected normalization statistics to use for BN during evaluation. EvalNorm supports online estimation of the corrected statistics while the model is being trained, and does not affect the training scheme of the model. As"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1904.06031/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Im+jSV653xZ2HwVjUhw4u1droemuUaPbQ/t4Q8s1S4vpQHHo/thDbcyIqtWik1+bGbTnzVRvGIUqUyvbPdl4Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:41:57.311977Z"},"content_sha256":"11710c9064b26ae11e0bbd0d52032ec1a4882ba812b89f86b544645f1674f3b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:11710c9064b26ae11e0bbd0d52032ec1a4882ba812b89f86b544645f1674f3b9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T15:41:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y6IBDOS3SVA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b548965812d3d20f6b7b7ceeba777ce59b74e9da01a84cb1bf10a0bc32ebe2fd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"77dd7c82c4dd10c088c92ffa6631dcb5062b3ef40eeb0d720726cd9de779575e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.06031","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.06031v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.06031","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QULILKXD6QOB","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QULILKXD6QOBBV7Y","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QULILKXD","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:11710c9064b26ae11e0bbd0d52032ec1a4882ba812b89f86b544645f1674f3b9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1904.06031/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Batch normalization (BN) has been very effective for deep learning and is widely used. However, when training with small minibatches, models using BN exhibit a significant degradation in performance. In this paper we study this peculiar behavior of BN to gain a better understanding of the problem, and identify a cause. We propose 'EvalNorm' to address the issue by estimating corrected normalization statistics to use for BN during evaluation. EvalNorm supports online estimation of the corrected statistics while the model is being trained, and does not affect the training scheme of the model. As","authors_text":"Abhinav Shrivastava, Saurabh Singh","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","title":"EvalNorm: Estimating Batch Normalization Statistics for Evaluation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7f2aead848e111543b5122800c88cf3c87388f558fc7534ced005b76bff1b5b5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b548965812d3d20f6b7b7ceeba777ce59b74e9da01a84cb1bf10a0bc32ebe2fd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-04-12T04:54:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"77dd7c82c4dd10c088c92ffa6631dcb5062b3ef40eeb0d720726cd9de779575e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.06031","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"851685aae3f41c10d7f8f202374b72a826feda5dfc5d310fe4b68deba8c17987","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"851685aae3f41c10d7f8f202374b72a826feda5dfc5d310fe4b68deba8c17987","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490529Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490529Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Pv2yPZ8M3YRja/+KDONND/a61GQm/ClyonLH3k/CXkXnHWXVCwwbeqOydFv9yHCMHef3VuHYHbNPT0cUG/UdBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:55:55.490988Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1904.06031","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7f2aead848e111543b5122800c88cf3c87388f558fc7534ced005b76bff1b5b5","sha256:11710c9064b26ae11e0bbd0d52032ec1a4882ba812b89f86b544645f1674f3b9"],"state_sha256":"0495330efc570627d9a411648e3bb3999cc4879a664efa436256dcc875639b80"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pRSfLwgpO3yOT+G3XBcg21O65WcFARMerBxyfRAIldPXxTWfakTv19IIH8QQotFc7Z9NDaZHzvksZrl4vV3uDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:41:57.317543Z","bundle_sha256":"7d0f1f165f365d058537e972c8b56f2f9b5986025aaa5f27ad091383d57f93e3"}}