{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK","short_pith_number":"pith:QWU4HCI7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a425d29fd9291f2512c74c04cce0b713bdd57a3ca4258f0825026edfdbedf57e","abstract_canon_sha256":"8c4436401e303002d79c792eefc260c1e6778014c92b33fb85ce99f6e25bd6b8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"85a9c3891ff0e9c4a2e9c03621f3581aada2e05fdcd2a6fcbfdcefa3025fe4bb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.09779","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.09779","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.09779v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.09779","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QWU4HCI76DU4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QWU4HCI7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a425d29fd9291f2512c74c04cce0b713bdd57a3ca4258f0825026edfdbedf57e","abstract_canon_sha256":"8c4436401e303002d79c792eefc260c1e6778014c92b33fb85ce99f6e25bd6b8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"85a9c3891ff0e9c4a2e9c03621f3581aada2e05fdcd2a6fcbfdcefa3025fe4bb","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955792Z","signature_b64":"xYsZMkeIt0HzY74ehGGvboBYxQda2TBez4dTIZwzyjxufj5XdcWzadO60abSJUfCQ7hb4Gsz1wjim61L7dBxDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"85a9c3891ff0e9c4a2e9c03621f3581aada2e05fdcd2a6fcbfdcefa3025fe4bb","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955342Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955342Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.09779","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nkG11eGbrSYK9Y5FksX/xb0whr2jxhoaz6hLSxD7JYT8hRIqm75FHTMLu/B99PBmtucOAVPuwelLexJtP9QnAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T10:06:13.516219Z"},"content_sha256":"7a5558304bb923a53413371d79ade2289445b029f329cb4d9292ed6cde9d7574","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7a5558304bb923a53413371d79ade2289445b029f329cb4d9292ed6cde9d7574"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Thermodynamics and emergent universe","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Saumya Ghosh, Sunandan Gangopadhyay","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"We show that in the isentropic scenario the first order thermodynamical particle creation model gives an emergent universe solution even when the chemical potential is non-zero. However there exists no emergent universe scenario in the second order non-equilibrium theory for the particle creation model. We then point out a correspondence between the particle creation model with barotropic equation of state and the equation of state giving rise to an emergent universe without particle creation in spatially flat FRW cosmology."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oo9842anLh3Rao2FlM1q8hYDiAakgWlm988+VXUwQymjVOAABd8GNTwm89JM7pdFqANcjSSsNx2bSNyBDHm7CA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T10:06:13.516836Z"},"content_sha256":"db1852d9f50c3d788c34e9ee4a1425c9c0c1a54201c4d31876ea3500984e7e39","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:db1852d9f50c3d788c34e9ee4a1425c9c0c1a54201c4d31876ea3500984e7e39"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T10:06:13Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJYA3CD42YDK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8c4436401e303002d79c792eefc260c1e6778014c92b33fb85ce99f6e25bd6b8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"a425d29fd9291f2512c74c04cce0b713bdd57a3ca4258f0825026edfdbedf57e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.09779","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.09779v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.09779","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QWU4HCI76DU4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QWU4HCI76DU4JIXJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QWU4HCI7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:db1852d9f50c3d788c34e9ee4a1425c9c0c1a54201c4d31876ea3500984e7e39","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We show that in the isentropic scenario the first order thermodynamical particle creation model gives an emergent universe solution even when the chemical potential is non-zero. However there exists no emergent universe scenario in the second order non-equilibrium theory for the particle creation model. We then point out a correspondence between the particle creation model with barotropic equation of state and the equation of state giving rise to an emergent universe without particle creation in spatially flat FRW cosmology.","authors_text":"Saumya Ghosh, Sunandan Gangopadhyay","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","title":"Thermodynamics and emergent universe"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7a5558304bb923a53413371d79ade2289445b029f329cb4d9292ed6cde9d7574","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8c4436401e303002d79c792eefc260c1e6778014c92b33fb85ce99f6e25bd6b8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T15:05:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"a425d29fd9291f2512c74c04cce0b713bdd57a3ca4258f0825026edfdbedf57e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.09779","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"85a9c3891ff0e9c4a2e9c03621f3581aada2e05fdcd2a6fcbfdcefa3025fe4bb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"85a9c3891ff0e9c4a2e9c03621f3581aada2e05fdcd2a6fcbfdcefa3025fe4bb","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955342Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955342Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xYsZMkeIt0HzY74ehGGvboBYxQda2TBez4dTIZwzyjxufj5XdcWzadO60abSJUfCQ7hb4Gsz1wjim61L7dBxDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:45:25.955792Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.09779","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7a5558304bb923a53413371d79ade2289445b029f329cb4d9292ed6cde9d7574","sha256:db1852d9f50c3d788c34e9ee4a1425c9c0c1a54201c4d31876ea3500984e7e39"],"state_sha256":"d7d0eb513965f9246940c7c326aa142ff1802c5d71244602d42eb47b659faf90"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"F+U9DZkn9svm+XZJYgK11BISkYOqEyG68Y5sxiBvCI7TIWH1/QqlOeqwwpTQCAWbPKcGoZD3x7CZoqWmgbwEBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T10:06:13.520011Z","bundle_sha256":"3111f7ed579b5eba0b2ca4cdbcf6dac886f5c9b574ea1b364557ef4c4eebc3d0"}}