{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T","short_pith_number":"pith:QZOS2VH2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"e28cc7493ce4830af8649b777d34864c5f1de4b5794b40a6fd0bb4e44d47216d","abstract_canon_sha256":"269efe0b3110d365a989cbeef467753a0f0316020ce9b2a8167431d1bf6b73be"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"865d2d54fa48d68f88fde314630c54ecdaf827dc67d79598e1b694fd006b1e01","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2503.13423","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2503.13423","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2503.13423v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.13423","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2JDLI","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"e28cc7493ce4830af8649b777d34864c5f1de4b5794b40a6fd0bb4e44d47216d","abstract_canon_sha256":"269efe0b3110d365a989cbeef467753a0f0316020ce9b2a8167431d1bf6b73be"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"865d2d54fa48d68f88fde314630c54ecdaf827dc67d79598e1b694fd006b1e01","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.008179Z","signature_b64":"YbjAvNCugpADAcJXlEEI9MRrLaf0gr3i+ZfHVHRqKz7UkpdghSJGIhOa0B05VWc/NcZ35cH5VUvocSCCS4mBBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"865d2d54fa48d68f88fde314630c54ecdaf827dc67d79598e1b694fd006b1e01","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.007704Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.007704Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2503.13423","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+yzwxmuw/HZX/UJAHWgfUEj26PQZcp+KpkWSddsIxFI1UZ57Av8NLWlHhgYnoZaKp3Cds3wFstMsel7f4OWrBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T18:37:39.844575Z"},"content_sha256":"e1390bc6edcf338a2308f5b79de2ca766851c1615f304bc363e2418ec00787aa","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e1390bc6edcf338a2308f5b79de2ca766851c1615f304bc363e2418ec00787aa"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"SuperBPE: Space Travel for Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alisa Liu, Jonathan Hayase, Noah A. Smith, Sewoong Oh, Valentin Hofmann, Yejin Choi","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"The assumption across nearly all language model (LM) tokenization schemes is that tokens should be subwords, i.e., contained within word boundaries. While providing a seemingly reasonable inductive bias, is this common practice limiting the potential of modern LMs? Whitespace is not a reliable delimiter of meaning, as evidenced by multi-word expressions (e.g., \"by the way\"), crosslingual variation in the number of words needed to express a concept (e.g., \"spacesuit helmet\" in German is \"raumanzughelm\"), and languages that do not use whitespace at all (e.g., Chinese). To explore the potential o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2503.13423/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"coLf5zFep8r6oCXOA3fdn8i7BMYoRkVYNOnCFn8TQypi4hSd8qsycyVdEeah8Hd9UaXQlc53hINERAapdORABQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T18:37:39.845076Z"},"content_sha256":"0cb259dd5e79c6fef6bf773b42187c43b096825690ccb53dee45892a974ddc90","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0cb259dd5e79c6fef6bf773b42187c43b096825690ccb53dee45892a974ddc90"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T18:37:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH54MKGGDCU5T","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"269efe0b3110d365a989cbeef467753a0f0316020ce9b2a8167431d1bf6b73be","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"e28cc7493ce4830af8649b777d34864c5f1de4b5794b40a6fd0bb4e44d47216d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2503.13423","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2503.13423v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.13423","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2JDLI","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2JDLI7CH5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QZOS2VH2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0cb259dd5e79c6fef6bf773b42187c43b096825690ccb53dee45892a974ddc90","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2503.13423/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The assumption across nearly all language model (LM) tokenization schemes is that tokens should be subwords, i.e., contained within word boundaries. While providing a seemingly reasonable inductive bias, is this common practice limiting the potential of modern LMs? Whitespace is not a reliable delimiter of meaning, as evidenced by multi-word expressions (e.g., \"by the way\"), crosslingual variation in the number of words needed to express a concept (e.g., \"spacesuit helmet\" in German is \"raumanzughelm\"), and languages that do not use whitespace at all (e.g., Chinese). To explore the potential o","authors_text":"Alisa Liu, Jonathan Hayase, Noah A. Smith, Sewoong Oh, Valentin Hofmann, Yejin Choi","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","title":"SuperBPE: Space Travel for Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e1390bc6edcf338a2308f5b79de2ca766851c1615f304bc363e2418ec00787aa","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"269efe0b3110d365a989cbeef467753a0f0316020ce9b2a8167431d1bf6b73be","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-03-17T17:53:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"e28cc7493ce4830af8649b777d34864c5f1de4b5794b40a6fd0bb4e44d47216d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.13423","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"865d2d54fa48d68f88fde314630c54ecdaf827dc67d79598e1b694fd006b1e01","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"865d2d54fa48d68f88fde314630c54ecdaf827dc67d79598e1b694fd006b1e01","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.007704Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.007704Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YbjAvNCugpADAcJXlEEI9MRrLaf0gr3i+ZfHVHRqKz7UkpdghSJGIhOa0B05VWc/NcZ35cH5VUvocSCCS4mBBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:59:41.008179Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2503.13423","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e1390bc6edcf338a2308f5b79de2ca766851c1615f304bc363e2418ec00787aa","sha256:0cb259dd5e79c6fef6bf773b42187c43b096825690ccb53dee45892a974ddc90"],"state_sha256":"82b0c675469ab9887525e98297aba0ffc96aecc5386cba00de9b5f852e1a75ed"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UFlSUqXVdMzZ/HpLQaXOdGgbUReJe9wc+gEsD+TJBPdedT8fE51OohE19HQ+bHkyQ9v10nP4+JQgSGbi9wRtDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T18:37:39.850074Z","bundle_sha256":"523cd9fa1daa059f976172d99ed4edc6f654c2342afa02a8a969fe134f0553e5"}}