{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT","short_pith_number":"pith:R2LTAO4U","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fd38ab96ae98ec9e199cc3af15680943e591af16397bc958b6127cfe55fe3e63","abstract_canon_sha256":"b49446b0820e92165d56a6cc4d6a8b6d2f9020add564dbb107f6f02ae16682c9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8e97303b9473505d85f5f5a3a51fbeccfc700937ba80e60650325b435da90edb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2506.02324","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.02324","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.02324v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.02324","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R2LTAO4UONIF","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R2LTAO4U","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fd38ab96ae98ec9e199cc3af15680943e591af16397bc958b6127cfe55fe3e63","abstract_canon_sha256":"b49446b0820e92165d56a6cc4d6a8b6d2f9020add564dbb107f6f02ae16682c9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8e97303b9473505d85f5f5a3a51fbeccfc700937ba80e60650325b435da90edb","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394645Z","signature_b64":"Ja5IoDT8w7Aa3MHdo1d92M3ln/JHGuo/Y2zrCWGlS8GrcSQDJfA84U6ZfV2cqaIy95U0RbQS4+DCF4ZJ3fC0DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8e97303b9473505d85f5f5a3a51fbeccfc700937ba80e60650325b435da90edb","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394143Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394143Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2506.02324","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"phEsiIz76PrwgLEtMRZl3vLFfC80JdBhm+3w3OuARkZsol2Xwoa5DL2ZF769DSvW4GSA0gkNSThHBYbnk8QXBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:22:58.703925Z"},"content_sha256":"217a964031576ca84d1e34dd185626a079e3d625a08b8c784a184d8005744876","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:217a964031576ca84d1e34dd185626a079e3d625a08b8c784a184d8005744876"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Are Crypto Ecosystems (De)centralizing? A Framework for Longitudinal Analysis","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ehsan Valavi, Harang Ju, Madhav Kumar, Sinan Aral","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain technology relies on decentralization to resist faults and attacks while operating without trusted intermediaries. Although industry experts have touted decentralization as central to their promise and disruptive potential, it is still unclear whether the crypto ecosystems built around blockchains are becoming more or less decentralized over time. As crypto plays an increasing role in facilitating economic transactions and peer-to-peer interactions, measuring their decentralization becomes even more essential. We thus propose a systematic framework for measuring the decentralization"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2506.02324/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9yUcHi0ZDRENqhI4reacPuTFpjIKaQXlAbk2gd3PZQ0ZPAG2FCFxcN6fRgWHToQLPnbdBqfqc/tY+f8oSfgACg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:22:58.704866Z"},"content_sha256":"0190dd0ebc2409fe75204b948c2575bd26bf2c332ea64471703029aec5c8e9fd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0190dd0ebc2409fe75204b948c2575bd26bf2c332ea64471703029aec5c8e9fd"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T16:22:58Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV6WR2KH56ZT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b49446b0820e92165d56a6cc4d6a8b6d2f9020add564dbb107f6f02ae16682c9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd38ab96ae98ec9e199cc3af15680943e591af16397bc958b6127cfe55fe3e63"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.02324","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.02324v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.02324","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R2LTAO4UONIF","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R2LTAO4UONIF3BPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R2LTAO4U","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0190dd0ebc2409fe75204b948c2575bd26bf2c332ea64471703029aec5c8e9fd","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2506.02324/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain technology relies on decentralization to resist faults and attacks while operating without trusted intermediaries. Although industry experts have touted decentralization as central to their promise and disruptive potential, it is still unclear whether the crypto ecosystems built around blockchains are becoming more or less decentralized over time. As crypto plays an increasing role in facilitating economic transactions and peer-to-peer interactions, measuring their decentralization becomes even more essential. We thus propose a systematic framework for measuring the decentralization","authors_text":"Ehsan Valavi, Harang Ju, Madhav Kumar, Sinan Aral","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","title":"Are Crypto Ecosystems (De)centralizing? A Framework for Longitudinal Analysis"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:217a964031576ca84d1e34dd185626a079e3d625a08b8c784a184d8005744876","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b49446b0820e92165d56a6cc4d6a8b6d2f9020add564dbb107f6f02ae16682c9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2025-06-02T23:45:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"fd38ab96ae98ec9e199cc3af15680943e591af16397bc958b6127cfe55fe3e63"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.02324","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8e97303b9473505d85f5f5a3a51fbeccfc700937ba80e60650325b435da90edb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8e97303b9473505d85f5f5a3a51fbeccfc700937ba80e60650325b435da90edb","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394143Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394143Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Ja5IoDT8w7Aa3MHdo1d92M3ln/JHGuo/Y2zrCWGlS8GrcSQDJfA84U6ZfV2cqaIy95U0RbQS4+DCF4ZJ3fC0DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:14:36.394645Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2506.02324","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:217a964031576ca84d1e34dd185626a079e3d625a08b8c784a184d8005744876","sha256:0190dd0ebc2409fe75204b948c2575bd26bf2c332ea64471703029aec5c8e9fd"],"state_sha256":"95594eb5d8f58aeab194370ac35eb0c9d7b568657bec6dc0ef6861e9830d538a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DodsQIEtlpCQjYxz0crmAuvfj3OuDLM3mfSc87g4A2FHHZvwhvpu4N7ZPWFeVEu/L0dz9dW1CgUR4jKU4WS9BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:22:58.711071Z","bundle_sha256":"e3a118968d90decc7461dce6a2f25a3b409e5727548807114ad6ce9b00576754"}}