{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN","short_pith_number":"pith:R3J5KHLX","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"777840709a0edfd473a6cafd87555584d070700deb04e9467b9c480197e96326","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae309b934284cc9def1e112c2616837d8923fa3a5ccae4f9844ab8a3014fed7c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ed3d51d778ef82f4b0b454ec6b5db6b75df7944865576fe62d12da19d44444d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1807.08458","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.08458","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.08458v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.08458","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R3J5KHLXR34C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R3J5KHLXR34C6SYL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R3J5KHLX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"777840709a0edfd473a6cafd87555584d070700deb04e9467b9c480197e96326","abstract_canon_sha256":"ae309b934284cc9def1e112c2616837d8923fa3a5ccae4f9844ab8a3014fed7c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ed3d51d778ef82f4b0b454ec6b5db6b75df7944865576fe62d12da19d44444d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.980046Z","signature_b64":"Th62ec4Db6YPsE46Z3RJJVjgcpXj1jqLHMqEVRTRaqg7gajw7u9n7qtyWXXiuky9ufsdRF1rKzKhjT8hVg9jAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8ed3d51d778ef82f4b0b454ec6b5db6b75df7944865576fe62d12da19d44444d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.979341Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.979341Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1807.08458","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"T4hbzg4URpq4yDNZubjRdhDhaCxlwwd0JnLX2BqmNfUdXpZs5UmySZ4BkMol48oyLY+dIGuXPm77xMFbKvzWDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T08:18:03.540942Z"},"content_sha256":"5a676e75f27555198f0d8ec525a5921baa16cf28cf06d53e0bf021946c50b4d6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5a676e75f27555198f0d8ec525a5921baa16cf28cf06d53e0bf021946c50b4d6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"More investment in Research and Development for better Education in the future?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.AP","authors_text":"Dhafer Malouche, Rim Lahmandi-Ayed","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"The question in this paper is whether R&D efforts affect education performance in small classes. Merging two datasets collected from the PISA studies and the World Development Indicators and using Learning Bayesian Networks, we prove the existence of a statistical causal relationship between investment in R&D of a country and its education performance (PISA scores). We also prove that the effect of R\\&D on Education is long term as a country has to invest at least 10 years before beginning to improve the level of young pupils."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"obB0+xEicCCex3/63fUDDNytdmg2VrfqTjJXHFA5oH7UVs9RFydaAsAsV/7vKrl+Sp+0+CAwTq7KmRCQYu+hCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T08:18:03.541688Z"},"content_sha256":"2cf56ddad99f89fecc8e9aa3a1dbf15a7ce90b8dbbb6268816243ffd8bd725df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2cf56ddad99f89fecc8e9aa3a1dbf15a7ce90b8dbbb6268816243ffd8bd725df"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-09T08:18:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:R3J5KHLXR34C6SYLIVHMNNO3NN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae309b934284cc9def1e112c2616837d8923fa3a5ccae4f9844ab8a3014fed7c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"777840709a0edfd473a6cafd87555584d070700deb04e9467b9c480197e96326"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.08458","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.08458v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.08458","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R3J5KHLXR34C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R3J5KHLXR34C6SYL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R3J5KHLX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2cf56ddad99f89fecc8e9aa3a1dbf15a7ce90b8dbbb6268816243ffd8bd725df","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The question in this paper is whether R&D efforts affect education performance in small classes. Merging two datasets collected from the PISA studies and the World Development Indicators and using Learning Bayesian Networks, we prove the existence of a statistical causal relationship between investment in R&D of a country and its education performance (PISA scores). We also prove that the effect of R\\&D on Education is long term as a country has to invest at least 10 years before beginning to improve the level of young pupils.","authors_text":"Dhafer Malouche, Rim Lahmandi-Ayed","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","title":"More investment in Research and Development for better Education in the future?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5a676e75f27555198f0d8ec525a5921baa16cf28cf06d53e0bf021946c50b4d6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ae309b934284cc9def1e112c2616837d8923fa3a5ccae4f9844ab8a3014fed7c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-23T07:26:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"777840709a0edfd473a6cafd87555584d070700deb04e9467b9c480197e96326"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.08458","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8ed3d51d778ef82f4b0b454ec6b5db6b75df7944865576fe62d12da19d44444d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8ed3d51d778ef82f4b0b454ec6b5db6b75df7944865576fe62d12da19d44444d","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.979341Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.979341Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Th62ec4Db6YPsE46Z3RJJVjgcpXj1jqLHMqEVRTRaqg7gajw7u9n7qtyWXXiuky9ufsdRF1rKzKhjT8hVg9jAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:10:07.980046Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1807.08458","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5a676e75f27555198f0d8ec525a5921baa16cf28cf06d53e0bf021946c50b4d6","sha256:2cf56ddad99f89fecc8e9aa3a1dbf15a7ce90b8dbbb6268816243ffd8bd725df"],"state_sha256":"596b4e5cfb582efe2842b484181c0b80dbcfb12fc323fda39f3d1e7e90682cd3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FzGD76wlM7kzc9QgZW0SYa4veLQMSfzoKPjOMNWgMSOFKL6x4iKKeKqRZnWx10bT/BzdlypvcQRvRhCfWYGwCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T08:18:03.546070Z","bundle_sha256":"a3bf7c6975f64d05af43a41aaf5baa446cbf3436a52fcfb64bced3f84b3f59fd"}}