{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3","short_pith_number":"pith:R6DR5ENY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6bc14b2de850bc47d72d1337f5732d53c35123e423a17a248376bc6ef17eb0f6","abstract_canon_sha256":"7b2aee00a538ae1164e8c00decdd1b223f3fb664f02a8a7ff2fc3b943c63794f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8f871e91b8e84536d0ff7248080db07eeda3300470f47c26e80907557be0287e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1512.08409","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.08409","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.08409v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.08409","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY5BCT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6bc14b2de850bc47d72d1337f5732d53c35123e423a17a248376bc6ef17eb0f6","abstract_canon_sha256":"7b2aee00a538ae1164e8c00decdd1b223f3fb664f02a8a7ff2fc3b943c63794f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8f871e91b8e84536d0ff7248080db07eeda3300470f47c26e80907557be0287e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.375597Z","signature_b64":"jV2Etko73pgSUiMDgBzRk7Tjv3bttn33VoXDx9eonb1jVJJKOQaHGrYLnXdqiUo3+uHP2HLyYmkqX8pBQhLBAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8f871e91b8e84536d0ff7248080db07eeda3300470f47c26e80907557be0287e","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.374917Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.374917Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1512.08409","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1sjRu8sJdHeI+FwE7C4JmmzsWnhgJyWK9q4QaD1YoB7M+F+nZiAG48LsSXLxkIwmtLiVEIXNNbAcU4hmBgv8Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T23:27:17.744181Z"},"content_sha256":"32b0595fef8bfe456b4bf64402c0a49997f3d7fcf793b0aa63d30c3142be5389","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:32b0595fef8bfe456b4bf64402c0a49997f3d7fcf793b0aa63d30c3142be5389"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Using Students as Experimental Subjects in Software Engineering Research -- A Review and Discussion of the Evidence","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Dror G. Feitelson","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"Should students be used as experimental subjects in software engineering? Given that students are in many cases readily available and cheap it is no surprise that the vast majority of controlled experiments in software engineering use them. But they can be argued to constitute a convenience sample that may not represent the target population (typically \"real\" developers), especially in terms of experience and proficiency. This causes many researchers (and reviewers) to have reservations about the external validity of student-based experiments, and claim that students should not be used. Based "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9wUvXB6ooPo6TJ/eE+2FzMWnjDUcnTKZZYu+P1cIPEMt7edG2riSHsRfw5Qdich/AyULq7BhNttDfU3GRf1OCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T23:27:17.744861Z"},"content_sha256":"a9e102edbf163cbe32fa1ff3d37bc09c5fae8f49f9d6b727d031dd6ed4834125","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a9e102edbf163cbe32fa1ff3d37bc09c5fae8f49f9d6b727d031dd6ed4834125"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T23:27:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7OJEAQDNQP3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7b2aee00a538ae1164e8c00decdd1b223f3fb664f02a8a7ff2fc3b943c63794f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"6bc14b2de850bc47d72d1337f5732d53c35123e423a17a248376bc6ef17eb0f6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.08409","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.08409v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.08409","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY5BCT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY5BCTNUH7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R6DR5ENY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a9e102edbf163cbe32fa1ff3d37bc09c5fae8f49f9d6b727d031dd6ed4834125","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Should students be used as experimental subjects in software engineering? Given that students are in many cases readily available and cheap it is no surprise that the vast majority of controlled experiments in software engineering use them. But they can be argued to constitute a convenience sample that may not represent the target population (typically \"real\" developers), especially in terms of experience and proficiency. This causes many researchers (and reviewers) to have reservations about the external validity of student-based experiments, and claim that students should not be used. Based ","authors_text":"Dror G. Feitelson","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","title":"Using Students as Experimental Subjects in Software Engineering Research -- A Review and Discussion of the Evidence"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:32b0595fef8bfe456b4bf64402c0a49997f3d7fcf793b0aa63d30c3142be5389","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7b2aee00a538ae1164e8c00decdd1b223f3fb664f02a8a7ff2fc3b943c63794f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2015-12-28T13:30:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"6bc14b2de850bc47d72d1337f5732d53c35123e423a17a248376bc6ef17eb0f6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.08409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8f871e91b8e84536d0ff7248080db07eeda3300470f47c26e80907557be0287e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8f871e91b8e84536d0ff7248080db07eeda3300470f47c26e80907557be0287e","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.374917Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.374917Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jV2Etko73pgSUiMDgBzRk7Tjv3bttn33VoXDx9eonb1jVJJKOQaHGrYLnXdqiUo3+uHP2HLyYmkqX8pBQhLBAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:42.375597Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1512.08409","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:32b0595fef8bfe456b4bf64402c0a49997f3d7fcf793b0aa63d30c3142be5389","sha256:a9e102edbf163cbe32fa1ff3d37bc09c5fae8f49f9d6b727d031dd6ed4834125"],"state_sha256":"40b47dac321f52c9580d01e7ffae212eaec0a8f90759371f2f916ac360d7c8e1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SvaC0uNxBbjRarc9gQ9tJvcv/K4yq2NAeY9VDzKzSfuLTbH/+NaSdVHF5f/H3oe/IwCq6r7fL4KmYcPjQipnCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T23:27:17.748395Z","bundle_sha256":"c44e3a298b40d750375f46ae7f3d406f29b38079546fa777e730ac3b46ce56c2"}}