{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ","short_pith_number":"pith:R6WFFNDK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"b17821d7f15b38029c68fe45442241923fd8517e40414daabf53a11ceb0cd636","abstract_canon_sha256":"a7ecca2fa86df26698dfaeb8b6449f27f139be227ab7fc02feb9606742c26c4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8fac52b46a1ce0badaa223f466762b765641f66ac9e542e0f7447b3a2d91f192","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2307.03056","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.03056","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.03056v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.03056","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R6WFFNDKDTQL","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVC","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R6WFFNDK","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"b17821d7f15b38029c68fe45442241923fd8517e40414daabf53a11ceb0cd636","abstract_canon_sha256":"a7ecca2fa86df26698dfaeb8b6449f27f139be227ab7fc02feb9606742c26c4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8fac52b46a1ce0badaa223f466762b765641f66ac9e542e0f7447b3a2d91f192","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.217427Z","signature_b64":"7slxV/Sf+8KqY6t+tw2/4scG75vuT38aZkhspLQxMFKtpLAqOGixiLj32PIiKZQL3nXdEZTvutjjYEtiKqI7AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8fac52b46a1ce0badaa223f466762b765641f66ac9e542e0f7447b3a2d91f192","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.216876Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.216876Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2307.03056","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xv0MYmJSKu1fHNKHYi8vj9T2Z4zIWFKtUepAfj53YRNTZBFzp54NXQ5RfbE2S+zPKWwZjT+IeqQzHHBvsQwMAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T11:08:26.336986Z"},"content_sha256":"7f7f7bf1a8e3b193c27b7488ed59f4b0d913c9d5e486b9419a35404cccc8ba43","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7f7f7bf1a8e3b193c27b7488ed59f4b0d913c9d5e486b9419a35404cccc8ba43"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Generalizing Backpropagation for Gradient-Based Interpretability","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Alexander Warstadt, Kevin Du, Lucas Torroba Hennigen, Niklas Stoehr, Ryan Cotterell","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Many popular feature-attribution methods for interpreting deep neural networks rely on computing the gradients of a model's output with respect to its inputs. While these methods can indicate which input features may be important for the model's prediction, they reveal little about the inner workings of the model itself. In this paper, we observe that the gradient computation of a model is a special case of a more general formulation using semirings. This observation allows us to generalize the backpropagation algorithm to efficiently compute other interpretable statistics about the gradient g"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2307.03056/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"C2F5ciYT2xkVAjY6R1QQ7trnF4GnJPpUe2Y/JzB+yy0yAeZu5NI3dvJjHK/64ynDnPUni1aIealyiCuFC5whAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T11:08:26.337517Z"},"content_sha256":"ad1f17fc23a887bc2d135ecb5fc88b0f4e8bac0b294074a1c36de4be763783c5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ad1f17fc23a887bc2d135ecb5fc88b0f4e8bac0b294074a1c36de4be763783c5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T11:08:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVCEP2GM5RLOZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a7ecca2fa86df26698dfaeb8b6449f27f139be227ab7fc02feb9606742c26c4b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"b17821d7f15b38029c68fe45442241923fd8517e40414daabf53a11ceb0cd636"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.03056","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.03056v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.03056","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"R6WFFNDKDTQL","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"R6WFFNDKDTQLVWVC","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"R6WFFNDK","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ad1f17fc23a887bc2d135ecb5fc88b0f4e8bac0b294074a1c36de4be763783c5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2307.03056/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Many popular feature-attribution methods for interpreting deep neural networks rely on computing the gradients of a model's output with respect to its inputs. While these methods can indicate which input features may be important for the model's prediction, they reveal little about the inner workings of the model itself. In this paper, we observe that the gradient computation of a model is a special case of a more general formulation using semirings. This observation allows us to generalize the backpropagation algorithm to efficiently compute other interpretable statistics about the gradient g","authors_text":"Alexander Warstadt, Kevin Du, Lucas Torroba Hennigen, Niklas Stoehr, Ryan Cotterell","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","title":"Generalizing Backpropagation for Gradient-Based Interpretability"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7f7f7bf1a8e3b193c27b7488ed59f4b0d913c9d5e486b9419a35404cccc8ba43","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a7ecca2fa86df26698dfaeb8b6449f27f139be227ab7fc02feb9606742c26c4b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-07-06T15:19:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"b17821d7f15b38029c68fe45442241923fd8517e40414daabf53a11ceb0cd636"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.03056","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8fac52b46a1ce0badaa223f466762b765641f66ac9e542e0f7447b3a2d91f192","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8fac52b46a1ce0badaa223f466762b765641f66ac9e542e0f7447b3a2d91f192","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.216876Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.216876Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7slxV/Sf+8KqY6t+tw2/4scG75vuT38aZkhspLQxMFKtpLAqOGixiLj32PIiKZQL3nXdEZTvutjjYEtiKqI7AA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:29:04.217427Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2307.03056","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7f7f7bf1a8e3b193c27b7488ed59f4b0d913c9d5e486b9419a35404cccc8ba43","sha256:ad1f17fc23a887bc2d135ecb5fc88b0f4e8bac0b294074a1c36de4be763783c5"],"state_sha256":"1bfa3023c6bcfcfb7aa98807d3aa6d1d2be3b6996beb508d800d6036022038c0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"47tOH9XzyHILfMq4CNK06bya4vp+k7RgihHhKJt1nhzUVkk8by2MPQlLbs75oKSHsMyk8ifRNirFRFiujJ10AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T11:08:26.342729Z","bundle_sha256":"9330e186560f504edd097c3e4f9e4244230a18c551d0e8d03d76b64b58e59414"}}